STYLISTIC LABELING OF AN INDECENT FORM OF EXPRESSION
Modern Russian language is one of the richest languages in the world, a highly developed national language with long written traditions and an extensive system of means of expression. Despite its formed and canonized system, the Russian language is constantly evolving; many new words appear, often borrowed. At the present stage of development of the modern Russian language, one of the important issues is the question of “indecent form”. This article considers the study of the possibility of identifying the productivity of using obscene expressions in various styles, examines the mechanism for using indecent expressions and their analysis, taking into account the context. Words of indecent form are characterized by their use in contexts. Estimated values are defined based on contexts. As examples, the article uses the vocabulary of works of fiction, examples of colloquial and publicistic style in all the variety of genres manifested in them. The authors of the article give an analysis of the theory of studying “indecent forms” by prominent researchers (Sternin I.A., Golev N.D., Brinev K.I., Issers O.S., Zhelvis V.I.) and others. The concept of » indecent form «is defined.
Keywords: profanity, stylistic marking, etiquette, normativity, swear words, matism.
INTRODUCTION
Modern Russian literary language is the highest form of the national Russian language.
Questions of a decent and indecent form of words in the Russian language are given great attention. The object of this article is profanity. The relevance of this article is to study the stylistic marking of indecent form of expression. The purpose of the article is an introduction to the concept of «indecent form», the study of stylistic accessories indecent forms of expression.The novelty of the article is explained by the choice of the subject of research — the stylistic marking of indecent form of expression, which is included in the group of promising areas in the field of modern linguistics. The study of a decent form of utterance is part of a group of promising areas in linguistics related to the problems of the emergence of new lexical units of profanity. The analysis of the stylistic markings of indecent form of expression is of considerable interest both theoretically and in practical terms. The choice of research methods is determined by the purpose and objectives. The main method chosen is comparison and analysis. The presentation is carried out by a descriptive method.
MAIN PART
The language is in a state of continuous development, one of the regularities is the replenishment of vocabulary with new words, including derivatives of «indecent form», performs many functions, including evaluative, regulatory. In all languages there are derivatives, in the structure of the meaning of which some evaluation component is represented. V.V.Vinogradov believes that the objective meaning of a word is to some extent formed by assessment, and the creative role in changes in meanings belongs to evaluation
There are two concepts. The author of the first concept is I.A.Sternin, the second concept belongs to N.D. Golev. The first concept (I.A.Sternin and others). There are objective reasons that make it possible to draw a border. The word «гнида»» – indecent, but not offensive, «дурак»,
«тварь» – not taboo words. «Гнида», «тварь»» – offensive, but indecent. The second concept is not yet complete, but it is and can be used.
Prominent researchers:Sternin I.A., Golev N.D., Brinev K.I., Issers O.S., Zhelvis V.I. made a special contribution to the development of the theory of studying «indecent forms» etc. The content of the concept of “indecent form” is difficult to determine. So, Brinev K.I. considers, that concerning mats there is an ethical-linguistic agreement not to use them in any form, that it is impossible to offend other people. We agree with the K. Brinyov’s opinion.Defining indecent forms of expression is a challenge. The difficulty of defining indecent forms of expression is most clearly seen in the I.A. Sternin’sworks. In the article “Insulting and indecent form of expression as the subject of a linguistic examination”, the author distinguishes profanity and phraseology as indecent and obscene, and defines indecent form of expression as rude and obscene as indecent.According to I.A. Sternin, the main factor that changed the face of modern speech (both oral and written), is conceptual, evaluative and linguistic freedom, which determined both positive and negative trends in the development of public and interpersonal communication. I.A. Sternin expressed the opinion that if an expression offensive in content has a literary or colloquial form of expression, then, of course, this form cannot be considered indecent. It remains in the category of normative vocabulary. Sternin I.A. divides profanity into 4 categories:
1) reduced;
2) vulgar;
3) swearing; 4) obscene
In our opinion, the difference between normative and profanity is the admissibility of normative vocabulary in public use and the inadmissibility of profanity in public use. Public speech is a socially significant, open speech, interesting to a large number of members of society at the same time and speech containing information that is important and useful for society as a whole. The concept of “public speech” includes not only oral speech, but also some types of written speech.
I.A. Sternin proposes to distinguish between normative and profanity according to admissibility in any situation and admissibility in a limited number of situations
Issers O.S. believes that the definition of semantics “indecent form” presents a certain complexity, has a certain vagueness, lack of clarity of its definition in the law, thereby raising questions and doubts.
The main function of a language is a communicative function or a communication function. It is known that etiquette is an important part of human culture, morality. A flagrant violation of etiquette standards, including in conditions of interpersonal communication, is the use of indecent language units.
For modern Russian literary language, the main thing is primarily the distribution of linguistic means in the three main areas of its application. This is colloquial speech, art speech and speech, including such functional — speech styles as official business, scientific, journalistic in all the variety of genres manifested in them. «The following functional styles are distinguished: conversational, scientific, official-business, journalistic, each of them is characterized by leading stylistic features, which are manifested both in the content and in the selection of language tools. The style of fiction (fiction) is also distinguished», – N. A. Ippolitova notes [1, 80].
In order to understand what a non-literary language is and determine its role in communication, it is necessary to identify the causes of its occurrence, to consider the dynamics of its development. All scholars of the language agree, and we adhere to this point of view that the Russian-speaking community is going through a period of activation of jargon (slang, slang), indecent expressions (matisms). Jargonisms overwhelm the speech of people, the media, fiction.
This process is often called barbarization. There is a need for new words, as new concepts appear. In addition, barbarization, as a rule, accompanies extremely unstable periods in society. There is an intensive and disordered search for means of expression. Barbarization is a natural process, but excessive barbarization is dangerous. Studies of our days show that barbarization with colossal quantitative indicators (i.e., with a huge amount of jargons and borrowings) had almost no qualitative impact on modern Russian.
All vocabulary of one or another language is divided into literary and non-literary. The literatury language includes:
1) book words;
2) standard colloquial words;
3) neutral words.
All literary vocabulary is used both in oral and written language, in an official setting. To non-literary vocabulary relate to:
1) professionalism;
2) vulgarisms;
3) jargon;
4) slang;
5) abusive expressions (matisms).
It is known that the use of indecent words in scientific, official-business styles is an unproductive phenomenon. The emotional function of language is very important for a person, since it helps him to express his feelings, inner world, his feelings, impressions, etc. The most widespread use of indecent words is observed in colloquial speech, more often in speech emotionally colored. Emotionally expressive language units convey the emotional state of the speaker, his attitude to the subject of speech. In addition, characterize the speaker from a linguistic point of view.
An obscene form of expression is profanity, which for various reasons is introduced into the speech of all segments of the population, some of them understand that it is indecent and obscene, others consider it the norm. An indecent form is the presence of statements addressed to a person containing offensive vocabulary and phraseology. We read in the dictionary the meaning of the word неприличный. «Неприличный, -ая, -ое, -чен, -чна. Decency contrary to the rules.
Неприличное выражение. Неприлично (нареч.) вести себя. Показываться в таком костюме неприлично (в знач. сказ.)» [2, 411]. An indecent form is an offensive form, i.e. contains offensive words and phrases. Profanity and phraseology are beyond the norms of the modern Russian language. Part of the words of profanity refers to the category of expressive vernacular, which goes beyond the limits of the literary language. Similar words are intended to express low, mocking, rudely familiar, abusive and vulgar. As a rule, their reduced character is noted in the dictionaries with corresponding marks, for example: «неодобрительное», «презрительное», «уничижительное», «насмешливое», «грубое», «бранное», «обсценная», (разговорная, сниженная) and etc.
Normativity and non-normativity, admissibility and inadmissibility in the public use of certain units of the language are not constant. One and the same unit may be regarded as non-normative in one context, and may be normative in another context. Of course, the context of using a nonregulatory unit is important.
The normative layer of the modern Russian language is formed by literary and colloquial vocabulary. Spoken vocabulary is appropriate in spoken language, but inappropriate in written language, for example: навернуться, лобзает, тупица, набедокурить, пожурил, отделаться, давать стрекача, бестолочьand etc. Language units used in accordance with the norms of literary and colloquial speech are perceived as decent. Common words are characteristic of colloquial speech, they do not go beyond the norm of literary use. Many writers use colloquial, slang words to give color to the speech of heroes. In the V.M. Shukshin’s works the vocabulary consists of a large number of similar words.
— Сходи возьми бутылку.
— Пошел к черту! Он теперь дружок тебе.
— Сходи, прошу…
— Тебя просили, ты послушал? Не проси теперь и других. Идиот.
— Заткнись. Туда же…
— Туда же! Туда же, куда все добрые люди! Неужели туда же, куда ты, харя необразованная? Просили, всем миром просили – нет! Вылупил шары-то свои…
— Замолчи! А то опояшу разок…
— Опояшь! Тронь только, харя твоя бесстыжая !.. Только тронь! Шукшин В.
М.Collected works in six volumes. V. 2. M.: Young Guard, 1992. p.560
The indecent form of expression goes beyond the limits of the literary language, carries ethical and aesthetic limitations. «Undoubtedly, the question of the stylistic characteristics of the word could not go unnoticed by linguists who describe emotional vocabulary, since it is clear that words with pronounced emotional characteristics most often turn out to belong to well-defined functional styles of the language — usually these are colloquial, poetic words, swearing, etc. »- E. Y. Myagkova writes [3, p.19].In fiction, derivatives of profanity perform an informative function. “A literary text, like any other work of art, has an absolute anthropocentric character, since it is a person with his rich inner world that represents the center of a literary work, and therefore the main feature of literary texts in semiological coverage is that they contain a complex world of feelings, captivate the reader with a sense of beauty and exaltation,” L. G. Babenko notes [4, 102].
A work of art is an emotional comprehension of the surrounding world and a figurative representation in order to influence our feelings. The use of indecent words in speech allows one to form word-formation variants that receive a certain functional-style fixation. N. A. Ippolitova rightly notes: «Stylistically colored (emotionally expressive and functional) means are the main fund of the stylistic means of language. The stylistic coloring of the linguistic unit is those functional and expressive properties that are additional to the expression of the main lexical and grammatical meaning, which carry stylistic information about the possibility of using this unit in a certain sphere and communication situation»[1, 87].The Russian language is distinguished by flexibility, a wealth of word-building resources with a bright stylistic coloring. Some derivatives are perceived as literary (дурачок,, etc.), others as colloquial (дурачок, выродок, тупоумец, мерзавец, etc.) «The whole variety of meanings, functions and semantic nuances of a word is concentrated and combined in its stylistic characteristic», – V.V. Vinogradov writes [5, 26]. D.N. Shmelev believes, and we share this point of view, that: «… there are a number of words stylistically colored, with a certain stylistic significance» [6, 151].
The artistic style of speech involves the search for a variety of means of expressiveness and visualization. This leads to the creation of various stylistic contexts necessary to convey one or another thought of the author.
Spoken vocabulary acts as a functional category, representing the core of the spoken language style. Conversational vocabulary caters for easy communication, characterized by its activity and opposition to the book style, for example: дедок, милок, мерзавец, поганецand etc. The stylistic component of connotation is manifested both in the sphere of fixation and in the sphere of use. The spoken words are related to reduced vocabulary: дурачок, выродок, ублюдок, подлец, стервец. On the verge of literary use or beyond, there are colloquial words:тупоумок, полудурок, мерзавец.The marked components of connotation enter the lexical meaning of the words in different ways. Most often, one component appears, but sometimes all four components of connotation are combined — expressive, evaluative, emotional and stylistic, for example: мерзавец, (about a person) — expressive, evaluative (negative rating); emotional, stylistically marked (coll.); поганец(about a person) — expressive, evaluative (negative appraisal); emotional, stylistically marked (coll.)
Particular attention is required to study the use of indecent forms of expression in a journalistic style.
We read in the works written by I. A. Sternin:
1. Journalistic discourse has become less standardized in form and content and more personalized.
2. The journalistic problem has expanded.
3. The colloquialization of the language of journalism has occurred — it has become more conversational both verbally and in writing.
4. The style of journalistic discourse has become more ironic, emotional.
5. The number of original headings focused on establishing contact with the reader has increased.
M.V. Panov believes that the stylistic orientation of the newspaper and journalistic publications in the late 80s of the XX century can be assessed as multi-style. Some adhered to a strict style, which was characterized by accuracy, strict selection of words of stylistic coloring, complete certainty of terminology. These included, for example, the newspapers «Pravda» and «Krasnaya Zvezda». Others could resort to the use of words of emotional acuity, multi-color, thus cultivating the style of «language looseness» (according to M.V.Panov). These included the «Izvestia», «Soviet Russia», «Moskovsky Komsomolets» newspapers. Still others used the “dry tongue”; single-linearity was present in the style.If we read the newspapers ten years ago carefully, we will immediately be struck by the unusual style of these newspapers: everything is serious, restrained, strictly with a sense of responsibility, exactly, clearly — but something will be missing. We will feel that this is not today’s newspaper. There will be a lack of stylistic colors. For example, in the late 80s, newspaper journalism was characterized by a neutral style, but slightly colored by a certain colloquiality. M.N. Kozhina believes that the interest in the functioning of emotionallycolored statements in the texts of the media is due to the fact that, nevertheless, the leading function in this area is closely related to the use of evaluation, there is an acting — information function, with a focus on the impact aspect. Of course, the increased appraisal of newspaper and journalistic texts leads to speech conflict.
Over time, there have been changes in journalistic discourse. We can say that phraseological units of reduced colloquial, slang and jargon character began to be used. For instance:
«Другие инвесторы готовы удовлетворить аппетиты капризных европейцев, якобы ценящих бизонью вырезку за особые деликатесные свойства» («The kazakh truth». 27.03.2017). «Для подношений в кабинете отведено специальное место – подарочный подиум. Бутылка виски занимает в нём «нагретое место» («Казахстанская правда.
27.03.2017). «В сфере услуг ситуация такова, что бизнес «расслабился» местами до неприличия» («The kazakh truth». 27.03.2017).
CONCLUSIONS
Thus, the modern Russian literary language is the highest form of the national Russian language. Compared with the local dialects, vernacular, jargon, profanity, the literary language is characterized by the processing of its means, historically prevailing norms binding on its speakers, great functional and style ramification. The indecent form of utterance covers almost all areas of life, is focused on the person — the areas of his life, relations with other people.
REFERENCES
1 Ипполитова, Н.А., Князева, О.Ю., Савова, М.Р. Русский язык и культура речи в вопросах и ответах[Текст]: – Учебник для вузов. – М.: Проспект, 2015. – 721с.
2 Ожегов, С. И. Словарь русского языка. Около 53000 слов. Изд.7-е, стереотип.[Текст]: – М., «Сов.Энциклопедия», 1968. – 900С.
2 Мягкова, Е.Ю. Эмоциональная нагрузка слова: опыт психолингвистического исследования[Текст]: – Воронеж: Изд-во Воронежского университета, 1990. – 106 с.
3 Бабенко, Л.Г. Лексические средства обозначения эмоций в русском языке[Текст]: — Свердловск: Изд-во Уральского ГУ, 1989. – 182 с.
4 Виноградов, В.В. Словообразование и его отношение к грамматике и лексикологии [Текст] // Вопросы теории и истории языка. – М.: Наука, 1952. – С. 99-152. 5 Шмелев, Д.Н. Современный русский язык. Лексика[Текст]: – М.: Просвещение, 1977.
– 334 с.
А.А.Баяхметова1, З.К. Омарова2
Балағат сөздердің стилистикалық таңбалануы
А. Байтұрсынов атындағы Қостанай мемлекеттік университеті,
Қостанай қаласы, Қазақстан Республикасы
Қазіргі орыс тілі – әлемдегі ең бай тілдердің бірі, ежелгі жазбаша дәстүрі мен ойды білдіру құралдарының кең жүйесі бар жоғары дамыған ұлттық тіл. Қалыптасқан және канондық жүйеге қарамастан, орыс тілі үнемі дамып келеді, көптеген жаңа сөздер пайда болады, олар көбінесе кірме сөздер. «Әдепсіз форма» мәселесі қазіргі орыс тілінің даму кезеңінде маңызды мәселелердің бірі болып табылады. Бұл мақалада әр түрлі стильдерде балағат сөздерді қолдану өнімділігін анықтау мүмкіндігі қарастырылады, контекстті ескере отырып, балағат сөздерді қолдану механизмі және оларды талдау қарастырылады. Балағат сөздер контекстте қолданылумен сипатталады. Болжамды мәндер контекст негізінде анықталады. Мысал ретінде мақалада көркем шығармалардың сөздік қоры, оларда көрініс тапқан жанрлардың барлығында ауызекісөйлеу және публицистикалық стиль мысалдары қолданылады. Мақала авторлары көрнекті зерттеушілер (Стернин И.А., Голев Н.Д., Бринев К.И., Иссерс О.С., Желвис В.И.) және басқалар «әдепсіз форма» зерттеу теориясына талдау жасайды. «Әдепсіз форма» ұғымының анықтамасы келтірілген.
А.А.Баяхметова1, З.К. Омарова2
Стилистическая маркированность неприличной формы высказывания
КГУ имени А.Байтурсынова, г. Костанай, Республика Казахстан
Современный русский язык – один из самых богатых языков мира, высокоразвитый национальный язык с давними письменными традициями и с разветвлённой системой средств выражения. Несмотря на свой сформировавшийся и канонизированный строй, русский язык постоянно развивается, появляется множество новых слов, зачастую заимствованных. На современном этапе развития современного русского языка одним из важных вопросов является вопрос о «неприличной форме». В данной статье рассматривается изучение возможности выявления продуктивности использования неприличных форм высказывания в различных стилях, рассматривается механизм использования неприличной формы высказывания и их анализ с учётом контекста. Для слов неприличной формы характерно использование их в контекстах. С учётом контекстов определены оценочные значения. В качестве примеров в статье используется лексика произведений художественной литературы, примеры разговорного и публицистического стиля во всём разнообразии проявляющихся в них жанров. Авторами статьи даётся анализ теории изучения «неприличной формы» выдающимися исследователями (Стернин И.А., Голев Н.Д., Бринев К.И., Иссерс О.С., Жельвис В.И.) и др.
Даётся определение понятию «неприличная форма высказывания».