А.B. Кussainova
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan,
aygerim.kussainova@yandex.ru
ETHNOLINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PAREMIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NAME OF “FOUR KINDS OF LIVESTOCK” (CAMELS, HORSES, SHEEP, COWS)
The article discusses the origin of four types of livestock, which includes animals such as horse, camel, cow and sheep (goat) and their values in human life. The life of a Kazakh was unthinkable without animals, it was one thing, inextricably linked. The ethnolinguistic study of the names four kinds of livestock is a description of their material content, linguistic nature, national outlook, spiritual and cultural life, traditions. The aim of the work is to determine the formation of meaning in the Kazakh language by analyzing comparisons, proverbs, phraseological units relating to the phrase horse, camel, cow and sheep (goat); analysis of phraseological comparisons in the Kazakh and Turkish languages based on the principles of cognitive linguistics and their separation into positive and negative concepts.
Key words: livestock, four types of livestock, ethnolinguistics, proverbs, phraseological units, national cultural specificity
INTRODUCTION
The most ancient profession and occupation of the Kazakh people were the four kinds of livestock. The population of nomadic peoples is closely associated with livestock. Depending on their lifestyle, they gave different names to them. Livestock occupies an important place in the nomadic life, and in the sedentary life of Kazakh people. It is the thing which provided them with food and beverage, also it functioned as a transport. In addition, Kazakh people used to apply it as a present which is given for informing about good news, wedding gift and as a casual present which is given to relatives and friends. That is why the word «four kinds of livestock» in the explanatory dictionary of our language means «rich, prosperous» [1:833].
There must be mentioned the ethnolinguistic characteristics of the names of the «four kinds of livestock». About the ethnology of the Kazakh language A.Khaidar claimed the following: Ethnolinguistics is a complex and fertile branch of linguistics aimed at the transition of traditional wealth and values to the next generation which has been created from the humanistic nature of ethnos, and have been transformed into an ethnos consciousness, have been preserved in historical memory and for centuries turned into a spiritual heritage, from father to child [2: 15]. Ethnolinguistic studies on the names of «four kinds of livestock» are a description of their material content, language nature, worldview, traditions, spiritual and cultural life.
Regarding the origin of «four kinds of livestock», A. Khaidar wrote: the question «What are the origins of the four livestock?» is relevant to ethnolinguistics. It can be explained with the fact that there are data in the memory of the Kazakh ethnos that «is preserved through the language: the horse is made from the wind, the cow is from the water, the camel is from the sorghum, the sheep is from the heaven, the goat is from the stone”. If to consider it from the viewpoint of ethnolinguistic approach, it can find out that they have the following meanings: » the horses are as fast as the wind, the cows are the animal which gives meat and milk in a great amount, so it is compared as «to be full of water (wealthy)», the camel can live in deserts and places that lack the water, the goat likes stony areas, the sheep is calm and clever».
MAIN PART
The names of «four kinds of livestock» have been described in the XI century by means of comparisons, and we refer to the terms «Tulik (livestock)», «animal» in the regular expression, «Tulik (livestock)» is the aggregate name of four species of cattle [1:833].
“Mal (animal)” is a word used to combine all four pet animals.
Our ancestors called camels, horses, cows, sheep and goat with one phrase — «Tort tulik mal (four kinds of livestock).» It was believed that each of them has a guardian who protects them and named them Oysylkara, Kambarata, Zengibaba, Shopanata and Shechekata.
The camels were used as prosperity, vehicle, and food. The name of the camel is also widely used because of its uniqueness:
1) A domestic animal with one or two humps, large cattle.
2) The largest one among the Kazakh livestock, which is used as a symbol of the prosperity of the owner, because of the fact that its meat and milk are used as food, skin and wool is applied in making various household items, and its desert-resistant feature.
3) The great cattle as a symbol of the wealth of the ancient times, and used as the important component of luxurious gifts given in cases related to various traditions and customs.
4) The main thing in nine of the honourable gifts given for a girl who is getting married (Kalyn mal).
5) The largest livestock that can be sacrificed in Islam. Kazakh people used to compare the strongest people with a camel [3:1293].
That is why there is a phrase «нар атандай екен» (strong as a camel) which is applied in expressing someone’s power and strength. There are also winged words as «Қайрат етер кезінде — жүк көтерер нардай бол, Ақыл айтар кезіңде — жүз жасаған шалдай бол» («When you make efforts and show your strength and power, be as a camel, and when you advise and show the wisdom, be as an old man with hundred years of experience.» [4] The equation of the strength with camel can be seen in Kazakh dictionaries too: As a camel – big and strong as a camel [3:1294]. Kazakh people equate a big person with a massive body with a camel.
As for the exploration of the understanding of camel in the Turkish language: Deve − Geviş getiren memelilerden, boynu uzun, sırtında bir veya iki hörgücü olan, yük taşımakta kullanılan hayvan 5: 512. It means in kazakh: the animal with one or two humps, long neck, used for transportation. There is also a comparison camel in Turkish. For example: Deve dişi gibi − iri görünüşlü; sıradan olmayan, tanınmış, güçlü (large-scale, unusual, popular, powerful). Both in Kazakh and Turkish languages, camels are equated with a large, strong, powerful person. If you discover the meaning of the camel in Turkish » sıradan olmayan, tanınmış (unusual, popular)», the camel lengthens its breast, the long-necked animal. That is why it looks exceptionally elegant.
The name «camel» is known from the ancient Turkic inscriptions. The word camel appears as devā, tevӓ, tevi in an old Turkic dictionary 6: 160, 557. In M. Kash’ari dictionary it is teve, tebe [7:306]. In A.M. Shcherbak’s book the word «camel» in Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus Manchur groups are presented relatively: Turkish. mӭßӭ camel, mongolian. mэмӭ(н), manchur. mэмэн, tungus. Mэмэн [8:161]. As for other Turkic languages, it is түйе (camel) in Kazakh, Karakalpak languages, deve in Turkish, döyӓ in Tatar, Bashkurt languages, tȫ, in Kyrgyz, tüya in Uzbek, düye in Turkmen, tögӓ in Uygur language. These data indicate that the word «camel» is typical of the languages of the Altai language.
The horse is one of «four kinds of livestock», it is considered to be close to the people, who are aware of the horse’s edge and secrets.
The explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh language includes the following definitions:
1) The ungulate animal species, white cattle, that is used for transportation of four cattle.
2) Livestock with tasty meat which is mostly offered to guests in toy, wedding, funeral and other gatherings of people.
3) One type of plated animals.
4) Herds of horses.
5) The animal, which is applied in competitions and games as kokpar and bayge.
6) Livestock kept for consumption of their milk, kymyz.
7) The wealth of the traditional Kazakh society, the place between the dominant position and the reputation of the unit.
8) A valuable prize for the race.
9) The thing that is used as an item of exchange as money.
10) Currency paid for a killed person as a tax. 11) The animal used as the cost of something.
12) The main livestock among nine things given for a girl as a gift who is getting married.
13) A symbol of unity, joy, and tranquillity [3:542].
In the Kazakh concept horse is a symbol of beauty, durability and patience. For example, the phrase «адам жылқы мінезді ( person with a horse’s character)», which is only available in the Kazakh language, describes the person in a positive way. Here is a word that is distinguished by its ability to recover quickly. Nomads, being well-intentioned and well-aware of features of horses, choose this trait to be the most valuable one and used in describing people [9:263]. By keeping horses as one of the main livestock, Kazakh people considered horses to resemble people, and called colts «children of horses», while calling their own children «my colts» in order to show their love. Kazakh people considered the beauty of girls’ shapes similar to the shape of colts and used phrases as «құлын мүсін», «құлын мүшелі» (has a shape as colt’s shape). Colt is a symbol of beauty and coquettishness.
Turkish people reverence the horse as well. Sarybayev says: “Turkish people considered horse as a sacred animal, ad it can be seen in their lifestyle. For instance, in Turkey was a musical instrument “bunchuk”. Only witch-doctors could use it. The instrument with rattles and bells hung on is very similar to asatayaq (musical instrument of ours). In order to enhance a magical feature of this instrument people tied to it stubble of horse [10:138-139]. But in explanatory dictionaries of the Turkish language is given: Atgillerden, binme, yük çekme, taşıma vb. нizmetlerde kullanılan, tek tırnaklı hayvan 5: 139 (as plated animal for riding, transportation and other services). Turkish people use comparisons with a horse as well. For example, at gibi – vücudu, which used to describe a woman, who has a massive body. There are some peculiarities in relations of Turkish people to the horse, for instance: at kafalı is can be translated as “horsehead”, which means stupid, dumb. In the Turkic people’s language, mostly «dullness» is often referred to by the sheep, donkey, and pig’s diatomite. When people talked about the horse, first of all, they had mentioned its loyalty, speed ability, and beauty, and it is rarely seen describing them as thick. The horse, also, is one of the twelve animals used in the twelve-year cycle Turkic calendar.
In the ancient Turkic dictionary, «ат» (horse) was given as at, jund, junt, as well as jïlqï. If at, jund, junt describe a horse, jïlqï stands for cattle, predominantly horses, jïlqïm ṣanṣïz ẹrti (I had a countless number of livestock). In the dictionary by Mahmud al-Kashgari horse given as jund. This is in Turkic people one of the twelve moths’ name [7:15]. Also, jыlқы is a general name for all massive cattle [7:49]. A.M. Sherbak in his works has given as ат ̒лошадь̕ (horse), mongolian мори(н)(horse), manchur. морин [horse], tungus. Морин (horse) 8: 161]. In Turkic languages, for example in the Kazakh language it is “ат, жылқы” (horse) ; in Turkish, Kyrgyz, Turkmen and Uighur languages at; in Ozbek language àt; in Kazakh, Bashkurt, Tatar languages at, yılkı. .
The word «сиыр» (cow) in the explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh language is defined as cattle with horn; one of the four kinds of livestock [3:1152]. Sages called negative and impulsive people by using phrases like «жаман сиыр өрешіл» (literally: a bad cow is misfortune), «құдай сүзеген сиырға мүйіз бермейді» (God sends a curst cow short horns, but to a cow too curst he sends none), «сиыр сипағанды білмейді» (a cow doesn’t appreciate goodwill). “Cow temperament” is not a good description of a trait, which means «to be inappropriate when it comes to anything». Also, a person, who speaks inappropriately for no reason and too much then it is needed was equated to cow and named «cow-tongue». In general, those phrases that relate to the cow appear on the negative side.
An alternative to the name of the cow in the Turkish language is inek. İnek − dişi sığır, that is a female cow. There is also the name Sığır. Actually, this name is a common name of any horned cattle. In Turkish, there are also negative equations with cows related to people. For example, a foolish person is called as sığır gibi adam.
In the ancient Turkic dictionary cow represented iŋäk, sïϒïr 6: 210, 501, in Mahmud al-
Kashgari’s dictionary given as інәк, сығыр [7:302], as well as in Sherbak’s work: сïңïр, ïңäk ̒корова̕ (cow) , mongolian. үнэ(н), Manchur. ихан, Tungus. ихан 8: 161. There are also different names in other Turkic languages, for example in Kyrgyz language uy, inek; in Bashkurt language hıyır; in Tatar language sıyır, in Turkmen language sığır, in Uighur language kala, inäk, siyir, in Ozbek language siğir.
Among the four kinds of livestock, a sheep is being defined as representative of modesty, goodwill and peace. Sheep is a chewer, plated animal [3:800]. It distinguishes from the other three kinds of livestock with its goodwill. Respectively to this trait, there are many proverbs and sayings. For example, for quite a person is used «Қой аузынан шөп алмайтын», which means cannot hurt even a fly; as quiet as a mouse. During quiet and peaceful times, people say «Қой үстіне бозторғай жұмыртқалаған заман» (literally: when the lark nested on a sheep), the meaning of the proverb refers to wealthy, serene, no alarm times. By giving another example of proverbs like «Түйе − көштің көркі, Жылқы − жетекші, Қой − береке» (literally, a camel is a force, a horse is a guide, a sheep is welfare) we can supplement our thoughts. In other words, sheep is a symbol of well-being and wealth.
People slaughter a sheep when they welcome guests, respectively relatives-in-law, and the head of the sheep is given to the main and other honoured guests. In addition, for shildehana (babyshower) and weddings, traditionally sheep are slaughtered, and young-women squeeze a neck of the sheep.
In Turkish language dictionary, the following definition can be found: Geviş getirenlerden, eti, sütü, yapağısı ve derisi için yetiştirilen evcil hayvan 5: 1225 (a chewer animal, which being risen for its meat, milk, fur and skin). Foolish, mad; to be submissive to others, to look at their mood when making decisions. If Kazakh people equate a good person to a sheep, on the contrary, Turkish people equate it to a foolish person.
In the ancient Turkic dictionary, «қой» (sheep) is qoj, qojïn, qojun, qon 6: 453, in Mahmud al-Kashgari’s dictionary given as қоj − қой (sheep). The sheep is one of the twelve animals used in the twelve-year cycle Turkic calendar [7:199], as well as in Sherbak’s work: koj(ун) ‘овца̕ (sheep), mongolian. хони(н), Manchur. хонин, Tungus. конин 8: 161. In the Kazakh language, it is қой, саулық, in Turkish koyun, in Uzbek and Uigur languages koy; in Turkmen language qoyun, in Bashkurt language kuyın, harık (bӓrӓn),in Tatar language sarık (bӓrӓ, savlık).
Goat is being counted as one of four kinds of livestock as well, it belongs to the breed of horns chewer domestic animal. The horns are ribbed, has light build body, movable four, short tail (length 8-12 cm), bearded rare, thin voice. Its wool, fur, meat and milk are very useful. Milk quality is way better than cow’s milk. The goat is one of the earliest domestic animals [11:268]. People, who are very quick and movable are being equated to goats. There are also many phrases to describe people by using comparison with a goat, for example, «Ешкідей секеңдеу» (literally, bounce like a goat), refers to an act of thoughtlessness and careless.
In the Turkish language, goat is keçi, Geviş getirenlerden, eti, sütü, derisi ve kılı için yetiştirilen, memeli evcil hayvan 5: 1125 (a chewer animal, a domestic mammal which is being risen for its meat, milk, fur, wool). Also, in this language can be found the following equitation: keçi kafalı – this phrase is used for a stubborn person. However, this description doesn’t match to the Kazakh language.
In the ancient Turkic dictionary, «ешкі» (goat) is keči− ешкі (goat) 6: 291, in Mahmud alKashgari’s dictionary given as keчі− ешкі (goat) 7: 300, as well as in Sherbak’s work: kӭчі, ӭчkі ̒домашняя коза̕ (domestic goat), Mongolian яма(н), manch. гуча, tung. ила(н), намун [8:161]. In other Turkic languages as followings: in Kazakh language ешкі, in Turkish keçi, in Kyrgyz, Uzbek languages eçki, in Bashkurt käⱬä, in Tatarian käzä, in Turkmen geçi and in Uigur öçkä.
CONCLUSION
In this article, we have cover four kinds of livestock, in detail discussed each of them, and compared the definitions given in Kazakh and Turkish languages.
The Kazakh and Turkish people by noticing characteristics, behaviour and habits of animals could compare people’s lifestyle, their personalities, behaviours. All these comparisons and equations they could represent in phraseologies, proverbs and sayings. We believe that the ability to perceive and examine the nature of regular expressions and proverbs in any language gives an opportunity to us to recognize the worldview, tradition and national identity of other nations.
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А.Б. Кусаинова
Төрт түлік мал атауына қатысты паремиялардың этнолингвистикалық ерекшеліктері
Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университеті
Астана, Қазақстан
Мақалада төрт түлік малдың шығу тегі, адамзат өмірінде алатын орны қарастырылады. Қазақтың ежелден айналысып келе жатқан кәсібі, негізгі шаруашылығы төрт түлік мал. Төрт түлік мал атауларын этнолингвистика тұрғысынан зерттеу, яғни олардың материалдық мазмұнын, тілдік табиғатын, халықтың өзіндік дүниетанымы, салт-дәстүрі, рухани-мәдени өмірі, әдет-ғұрпы негізінде сипаттау болып саналады. Жұмыстың мақсаты төрт түлік малға қатысты қазақ тіліндегі тұрақты теңеу, мақалмәтел, фразеологиялық теңеулерге сараптама жасауарқылы олардың мағыналарының қалыптасуын анықтау, қазақ және түрік тілдеріндегі фразеологиялық теңеулерді когнитивті лингвистиканың ұстанымдарына сүйене отырып талдап, оларды жағымды және жағымсыз концептілерге бөліп қарау.
А.Б. Кусаинова
Этнолингвистические особенности паремии связанные с названием төрт түлік мал (четыре вида домашнего скота)
Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.Н. Гумилева
Астана, Казахстан
В статье рассматривается происхождение четырех видов домашнего скота, в состав которых входят такие животные, как лошадь, верблюд, корова и баран (коза), а также представляется их значение в жизни человека. Жизнь казаха была немыслима без животных, она составляла нечто единое, неразрывно связанное. Этнолингвистическое исследование имен төрт түлік мал представляет собой описание их материального содержания, языковой природы, народного мировоззрения, традиций, духовно-культурной жизни. традиций. Целью работы является определение формирования смысла в казахском языке с помощью анализирования сравнений, пословиц, фразеологических единиц, касающихся төрт түлік мал; анализ фразеологических сопоставлений в казахском и турецком языках на основе принципов когнитивной лингвистики и разделение их на позитивные и негативные понятия.