M.Y. Kakimova1, I.A. Olkova2
1Candidate of Philological Sciences, M.Kozybayev North Kazakhstan State University,
Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan, e-mail: mkakimova2009@mail.ru
2Candidate of Philological Sciences, M.Kozybayev North Kazakhstan State University,
Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan, e-mail: irina_m_a@mail.ru
THE PHENOMENON «POLITENESS» AS A LINGUISTIC CATEGORY
In the given article various approaches to the phenomenon “politeness” is being regarded from linguistic point of view. It deals with functional, pragmatic and linguistic peculiarities of “politeness” phenomenon. Some polite strategies in English and Kazakh languages aimed at identifying their main cultural differences and similarities of the phenomenon “politeness” have been analyzed. The associative experiment based on revealing the attitude to this phenomenon has been carried out. The comparative analysis showed that the phenomenon under study is an essential part of our humanity for the identification of its ethno cultural peculiarities. Besides, it gives an opportunity to understand how communicative surrounding forms associative basis of a person and affects personality’s worldview.
Key words: phenomenon “politeness”, linguistic peculiarities, polite strategies, cultural discrepancies, social etiquette, communication barrier, functional, pragmatic features, polite phrases.
INTRODUCTION
From a linguistic point of view, the notion of phenomenon “politeness» has been significant over the last three decades of the XX century. It is indicated that the origins of the modern English phenomenon «politeness» dates back to the sixteenth century when it signified socially cooperative behavior to be displayed by male members of the nobility at court. Konrad Ehlich, a German linguist, says that the idea of politeness is based on the evaluation against a standard. He notes that «the standard of politeness first emerged in the late Middle Ages and was initially related to the rules of the standard and was challenged by the competing standard derived from the notion of civilité/civility, promoted by the rising urban culture [2, 71-108]. Definition of the word «polite» in English given in the Oxford dictionary is interpreted as a case having or showing behavior that is respectful and considerate of other people [3, 912]. In the Cambridge English Dictionary, the following definition of «polite» is given: “behaving in a way that is socially correct and showing of the understanding and care for other people’s feelings; socially correct rather than friendly; people who have been taught how to behave in a socially correct way” [4, 863]. In the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary we came across another definition regarding “politeness” as the quality or state of being polite; refinement of manners; urbanity; courteous behavior; complaisance; obliging attentions [5, 702]. Thus, politeness denotes the ease and gracefulness of manners which first sprung up in cities, connected with a desire to please others by anticipating their wants and wishes, and studiously avoiding whatever might give them pain. Moreover, in a deeper sense “politeness” is marked by or showing consideration for others, tact, and observance of accepted social usage. The Russian philologist N.I. Formanovskay defines “politeness» as “behavior when the addressee is given an inferior position. That is why the break of etiquette means disrespect and impoliteness” [6]. A well-known British linguist Geoffrey Neil Leech in his book «The Pragmatics of Politeness» describes this notion as “a display of respect and the eagerness to do an addressee a good turn; it is also shown as a delicacy and tact” [7, 6].
In accordance with the bulk of linguists’ works the word «politeness» derives from the Latin word “politics», which means polished or more precisely polished manners. According to the interpretation given in the Oxford English dictionary it is “a sense of elegance, or being cultured” [8, 912].
From a pragmatic point of view, it deals with the various purposes of communication and the influence of the situation and social context on the communication. In this regard, politeness is considered as a strategic behavior responding to precise aims.
The four types of polite strategies which are described by Brown and Levinson are aimed at helping people to become politer in socializing, leads for resolving misunderstanding and breaking roadblocks in the process of communication, avoiding awkwardness with people of different social ethnic groups. It is necessary to be aware of this phenomenon and accept it as an essential part of our humanity. In the cultural diversity this phenomenon worth considering some discrepancies in various languages, because misunderstanding that occurs as the result of ignorance might lead to serious problems.
Considering many definitions given by linguists in this field, we can conclude that this phenomenon under consideration means unacceptable social behavior and from a linguistic point of view it is a speech etiquette that should be acquired by anyone who wants to be accepted as a polite person and polite strategies serve as the key components to avoid various uncomfortable situations due to the fact that people always face such situations. Besides, it enables a person to be more polite and socially approved [9, 14].
N.P. Savoiskaya carried out the etymological analysis of the notion “politeness” from synonymic and derivational point of view on the basis of Kazakh, Russian and English languages. She has found out that only in the Kazakh language there is a synonymic range with the following connotations: «simple, modest and shy», «ибадат», «ибалы», «кішіпейіл», «ізетті» etc. Some words with the notion of «with good manners, exquisite», and even «aristocratic» are observed in the English synonymic range: ‘courtly’, ‘gallant’, ‘refined’, polished, urbane, good-mannered and mannerly whereas there are also some components with a clearly negative connotation: «flattering, servile and ingratiating» in such words like unctuous, oil-tongued and obsequious only in the English language. It should be noted that some words with the meaning of politeness are derived from French: courteous, gallant, chivalrous, suave and amicable.
MAIN PART
In the Kazakh society, this phenomenon is accepted to be polite and respectful to the older generation since childhood they are taught to do that. Kazakh children always listen to their parents as they are wise and smart from their point of view. Such attitude towards the old can be represented in following greetings: «Сәлеметсіз бе», «Сәлеметсіздер ме». In the English language there is no such derivative «сіз» to illustrate the politeness, in contrast, Englishmen always try to minimize greeting saying «Hello» and «Hi» which are equal to «Сәлем” in Kazakh language. The similar but not the same tendency is seen regarding other members of the Kazakh family. We do not usually call relatives by their names or even if we do so, we use various words that show how close they are. For example: «жезде», «нағашы», «аға» and so on which is not acceptable in the English family [10, 13]. As we know there is another way of greeting among male persons in Kazakh language: «Ассалаумағалейкум» with the corresponding answer «Уағалейкумассалам». These words are derived from the Arabic language meaning “wishing health and God’s support”. It is obvious that in the Kazakh language there are more greeting forms than in the English language. In particular, there are different greeting forms between gender and age. Thus for instance, Kazakh women cannot say «Ассалаумағалейкум» as it is not accepted in their culture and there is no such peculiarity in the English. Such gender differences in Kazakh can be seen through the language, for example, according to their tradition, the female person should not call by the names of bridegroom’s relatives. In order to avoid calling them by names, they use the lexicon that is known as «Табу» or «Ат тергеу» that is why she has to nickname them. Following the tradition, a fiancée can get along with his relatives naming them softly and the husband’s relatives should also respect and appreciate her in respect. This peculiarity does not exist in the English family, because the wife and husband are mostly inclined to live separately from their relatives. In Kazakh brides used to live with bridegroom’s family as a new member of this family and therefore, made the process of adaptation much easier.
In English, politeness phenomenon is illustrated with the help of as so called “high register»:
“thank you”, “please, excuse me” that common in Kazakh language: “рахмет”, “өтінемін”, “кешірім сұраймын”.
Euphemism is used in both languages to illustrate politeness with different purposes. English it is more likely to be used to replace the unpleasant expression with inoffensive one. For instance: «to pass away» instead of «to die». Such inclination is also accepted but euphemisms in Kazakh are used to show the eloquence of a person. It is an essential part of our literature. For example: «ит өлген жерде” with the meaning of distance and «қыздың артқан жүгіндей» means beautiful. In the English language when somebody wants to make a polite request, he or she uses the word «please». However, in Kazakh language the word «өтінемін» is used with the same meaning and there is also a specific polite structure with the derivatives: «-шы»/ «-ші», for instance: «Қол созып жбершіі», «Көмектесіп жіберші, өтінемін».
Passive and circumstantial voices are used in the English language to distance a person from the action and it is considered as the component of the politeness phenomenon. In the Kazakh language «өзгелік етіс» can be equivalent to it, but the aim of it is to make personalization when the person who made the action is not important. For instance: «жиылған», «тоқылған». In the process of communication between Englishmen one can observe the replacement of personal pronouns with indefiniteness. E.g.: «Somebody might think that…” Such sort of pronouns are regarded as polite indicators that are used to distance a person, but still, they have positive connotation, whereas in the Kazakh language such pronouns have negative meaning containing sarcastic shade for e.g.: «Біреу оны дұрыс түсінбей қалуы мүмкін.»
In comparison with the Kazakh language, it is common to use the Present-Past Tense switch to sound more politely in the English. For example, I was wondering whether/if…» Instead of such construction, we have such phrases: «Қалай қарайсың?»/»Қалай қарайсыз?» that is asked to know the attitude of the person towards the offer.
In both languages invocation of general rules might be observed. Thus for instance: «I am sorry, but…» that can be substituted with the phrase «Кешірім сұраймын, бірақ…» and both of them have not only the similar connotation and the same denotations.
To use the nominalization as an indicator of politeness phenomenon is widely spread in England. In the given expressions: «I am surprised at your failure”, instead of «I am surprised that you failed» which illustrate that the speaker’s intention that he/she addresses is very tactful in an English context. Comparatively, in the Kazakh language, only the first variant is accepted as we do not use the second one at all.
However, sometimes the politeness in the English language can be crossed with the irony which is not found in the Kazakh language. It depends on the context, so one should be very careful while using such complex constructions. For example: “Could you possibly be any chance lend me your car for just a few minutes? There would not I suppose to be any chance of your being able to lend me your car for just a few minutes, would there?» In the Kazakh language there are also such polite expressions containing more direct meaning. It might be illustrated in the situations when somebody who is not older or elder than you. For example: «Маған өз көлігіңді бес минутқа бере тұршы. Маған қалаға жедел түрде барып келу керек болып тұр» and for elder people: «Сіздің көлігіңізді қалаға барып келу үшін сұрауға бола ма? Қалада өте маңызды шаруам болып тұр». We can see that in the English language there are lots of polite words to show the respect toward the addressee whereas in the Kazakh language such politeness is expressed with the derivative «шы» in the first case and with the word «сіздің» in the second situation.
The words «бауырым», «қарындасым» is commonly used in the Kazakh language to show that the person, to whom she/he addresses, is a close friend, and relatives and they are somehow closely related to each other. What is more, it should be noted that while asking help or in the case of polite requests, Kazakh people can include such word into the sentence. E.g.: «Бауырым, маған көлігіңді бере тұршы» or «Бауырым, көмектесіп жіберші». Such phrases are unique and do not occur in the English language. Still, it is used as some slang in the America-African dialects: «Can I borrow your car?». In the Kazakh language it sounds politer than the latter and it would be far politer to use «lend» instead of «borrow».
As we have mentioned before, there are lots of invitations and accepting polite expressions. In English, when people want to take leave, it would be politer to use some introductory sentences such as: «I am afraid I must be going now.» or «It is time I was going off.» In contrast with it, in Kazakh culture, it is impolite to leave the house under any pretext as it shows disregard towards the host. Of course, a person can take leave when he or she has a serious reason for it, like an urgent business.
In the English language one might hear such phrases as «You are welcome», «Do not mention it» or «It is nothing» that can answer for the politeness that was shown with the word «Please». Almost the same we can observe in the Kazakh language: «Оқасы жоқ», «Денсаулығыңызға бұйырсын», «Көңіліңіз хош болсын».
The main clarification of the politeness phenomenon face-saving and even the nation is willing to protect their identity being politer. This can be observed particularly in the situation when the person is guilty or has made something wrong. He/she says: I am terrible/awfully/dreadfully/very/over sorry» in English. Whereas in Kazakh, people do notice such a range of vocabulary in order to show how much sorry they are. We just vary the structure of the sentence containing the same words: «Кешіріңіз», «Кешірім сұраймын», «Кешіруіңізді өтінемін» and in some special cases «Ғафу етіңіз».
In making polite requests English people use cliché-questions like «Will/would/could you, please”, “Do you think you could?», «Would you mind – ing?», «Will you be so kind as to…?» In comparison, in the Kazakh language we come across the phrases with derivative or “-шы » as so called «Politeness morphemes» «-ыңыз», «-іңіз»: «Бере тұршы!» or «Беріңізші!»
One can observe many specific cultural peculiarities in Kazakh language due to the fact the Kazakh nation keeps its tradition and cultural heritage. That is why, there are various ways of expressing appreciation using «ас қайыру», «сарқыт беру», «бата беру» that occur after the meal. Especially the latter is very precious for us as it affects our life greatly. However, in English, it is also similar but not the same tradition to pray to show gratitude to the creator for the meal. But the difference is that English does it before the meal, whereas Kazakh does it after the meal. «Бата беру» has no direct interpretation in the English language and can be expressed in the form of the poetry:
«Асың, асың, асыңа,
Береке берсін басыңа
Қорғауылдай жорғалап,
Достарың келсін қасыңа» [11, 3].
It shows the expression of gratitude towards the host/hostess who showed respect and hospitality towards the guest and served with the meal. There is a special tradition which is very respectful and honorable when men can say «Бата». Such appreciation in the English language is expressed only with the help of polite phrases like «Thank you».
In the Kazakh language it is common to observe various names or nicknames. These words are known as «Теңеу, балау сөздер» and such phenomenon does not occur in the English language.
For instance, the elder brother while addressing might use such words to his little brother or sister:
«жаным», «күнім», «айым» and «алтыным». Parents might say to their children: «ботам», «құлыным»; the child to his/her grandfather «аташым»; to his/her grandmother «апатайым»; to his/her brother «ағатайым». It shows that each member of the family is special and has his/her own place.
As we have stated before, the extreme respect to the older generation can be traced in the Kazakh language. Such respect can be illustrated with another example: «рұқсат етіңіз», «мүмкін бе?», «мархабат етіңіз», «мүмкін болса», «ренжімесеңіз», etc. These phrases are classified as «уәж сөздер» and their usage in speech demonstrates politeness. This cultural peculiarity does not take place in the English language.
Furthermore, in the English culture parents try to be more close to their children sharing their secrets and encouraging their self-expression. On contrary, Kazakh parents always keep a distance having subordination. So, it is extremely rude to say something impolite or to show his/her character to the parents. Such cultural aspect can be seen in children’s lexical vocabulary while speaking to them. In comparison with the English language, the vocabulary of the Kazakh language regarding the members of the family is broader. This can be justified with «Қаратпа сөздер» that Kazakh people use to be politer. For instance: «қарағым, қалқам, шырағым, сәулем. However, such phenomenon can occur in the English language concerning babies. As for example, English people call their child using some words like «honey», «sweet».
For every celebration on there is a list of phrases that are used in the Kazakh language:
«Мейрамың құтты болсын!», «Нәрестенің бауы берік болсын!» and so on. But in the English language only the word «Congratulation» which is used for many celebrations.
Kazakh people pay special attention to the congratulatory words and express it with the help of literal and long sentences, whereas English restricts himself/herself from long and monotonous speech beginning with «May you be happy, …» In the Kazakh language, it is the opportunity to demonstrate a person’s eloquence in front of his/her relatives or occasionally friends and one should not miss such a chance. It would be impolite to end the congratulatory speech shortly as it shows disregard towards the addressee. Therefore, there are lots of various congratulatory speech beginning with prose and ending up with poetry: «Аспаның ашық болсын, денсаулығың мықты болсын» or more complex «Асу – асу асулардан асып, биік- биік белестерге жетуге жассын, мерейің үстем болсын».
Some specific polite vocabulary is inherited in the Kazakh language like: «Ораза қабыл болсын» which follows with an immediate answer such as «Айтқаныңыз қабыл болсын».
There is one more peculiar language feature in the English language trying to mention God’s name. As for example, the phrases like «Құдайға шүкір», «Құдай бұйыртса» and «Алла жазса» could be brought. From the pedagogical point of view, in the English language pupils address their teachers calling them, in particular, «Sir» or «Mr.» for male teachers and «Miss» or «Mrs.» for female teachers. And nowadays, some British schools are moving towards the trend of calling the teacher by their first name in order to diminish the distance between the teacher and the student. Such trends are common for pupils who study in the Netherlands. In comparison with it, the Kazakh pupils address teachers calling him or her as «teacher» or using «first name + patronymic (father’s name)».
The experiment that is based on verbal associations of people who were asked. This method
of linguistic research was chosen, because it allows gathering information about respondents’ attitude towards phenomenon which is being researched and also gives an opportunity to understand how communicative surrounding forms associative basis of a person; how it affects his/her worldview and thus, such experiment maintains to the identification of ethno cultural peculiarities of the perception the phenomenon “politeness”.
Students of Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan State University at the age of 17-23 and also citizens of England at different ages, mostly between 20 and 30, took part in this experiment. Representatives of Kazakh environment were interrogated using the method of a direct interview. Respondents were informed about the necessity of independent, individual answers and about nonessentiality of grammatical errors.
The citizens of England were questioned with the help of Internet nets, because of the distance and the difficulty of the connection with them, interview was lead in some cases in the form of questionnaire, in the other cases in the form of talk, in the process of which they were asked the same questions, with the exception of the fact that the questions were in the English language. Respondents were chosen notwithstanding their social and gender differences. Total sum of respondents, who were questioned, were 86 people: 52 Kazakh and 34 English.
Following points are worked out during the experiment:
– Structure of association is analyzed.
– Frequencies of various associations have been revealed.
– The conditions, which affect the correspondence/in correspondence of association, are studied. First of all, respondents are offered to bring some association to the word “politeness”. As the result of which, the following statistic is given: Kazakh respondents gave about 60 associations including words and word combinations or collocations. Several of them are more frequently used: тәрбиелілік (which means good manners) (39, 37 %) and адамдарды құрметтеу, сыйласу (to respect people) (38, 35 %). Further in the order of reduction: ізгілік (kindness) (21, 42 %), рақмет (thanks)(19, 68%), сыпайылық (courtesy)(14,87 %), үлкенді сыйлау(respect to elders)(11, 08 %), адамды танымастан да амандасу (to greet)(9,32%), жақсы әсер (pleasant impression)(8,15%), тыныштық (calmness)(7,53%), қоштасу (farewell), сыпайы сөздер (polite words), этикет (etiquette), ықыластық (responsiveness), көмек (help), тазалық (neatness), жақсы қарау, қатысу (good relationship), әдепті мінез-құлық (tactfulness), сыпайыгершілік (complaisance), ғафу етіңіз, кешіріңіз (excuses)(5,7 %), өтінем (please), сіз (you), біреуге сөз қайтармау (not to quarrel)(5,5%), мәдениет (culture)(4,57%),жылы шырайлылық (friendliness) (4, 16 %), түсіну (understanding), игілік (gratitude), ибадаттылық (modesty)(3,61%), ақыл (intelligence), наздық (gallantry), жағымды қатыс (nice talking), парасаттылық (decency)(2,37%).
In comparison with Kazakh people, English people’s responses were not so various. The most common associations were “please” and “thank you” approximately 67, 5 %, hereafter; the words are followed in the order of declination: “good manners” (about 59,2%), “showing consideration for people” (51,8%), “to be friendly” (34, 3%), “to make people feel at ease” (21,1%), “to be helpful” (15,7%), “a smile” (9,1%), “excuse me”, “my pleasure”, “you are welcome”, “gratitude” (about 5%), “to respect other people treating them the same way you would expect to be treated”, “age and gender”, “opening doors before people, giving up your seat for the elders”, “better education, school”, “more money”, “more noble”, “higher class”, “status”, “Victorian Britain” ( more than 2 %).
Such taken data allowed us to detect similar and different elements of associative lines of the phenomenon “politeness”. The basic elements of politeness in the Kazakh linguoculture are good manners, respect and kindness.
Polite behavior is the main indicator of politeness according to the English respondents. It can be proved with the help of many phrases and situations, where etiquette takes the first place: please, thank you, excuse me, my pleasure; opening doors before people, giving up your seat for the elders. According to their point of view, politeness associates, in particular, with social manners and etiquette, which are connected with prestigious education, social status and material prosperity. They reckon that representatives of the upper strata of English society keep norms of etiquette, good manners in order to demonstrate their social belonging. In the same time, phrases like make people feel at ease and be friendly denote that English Politeness is linked with communication and therefore, it is used to do a favor and pleasant to the interlocutor.
As the results of the analysis states both Kazakh and English respondents give associations highlighting etiquette, good manners: pleasant impression, please and gratitude.
However, according to the Kazakh respondents, politeness is mainly linked with the traditions, whereas English accept it as the indicator of civility.
The following results are made based on the analysis of the direct interview asking the question “Why are you polite?” The majority of Kazakh responders keep the principles of the politeness as “It is our tradition, which is accepted to do so in order to be polite” (46, 2%), it clears up traditionalism of the Kazakh culture. From English citizens’ perspective, the purpose of polite behavior is to make a good impression, to demonstrate one’s status (47, 5%) and also to make the conversation pleasant.
The second question of the questionnaire was “Who do you think should be treated politely?”
This question helped us to understand the pattern of the phenomenon “politeness”.
The respondents of Kazakh nationality think that it is necessary to be polite, first of all, with relatives and elders. It often includes the members of the family: mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, brother, sister, aunt, sister-in-law, etc. English do not give “family” associations at all. This justifies that Kazakh culture is collective, where even nowadays family traditions are kept strongly.
In contrast, English respondents pay special attention to the Politeness in the communication with strangers and consequently suppose that relationship with friends require less politeness.
The last task was to express one’s own opinion of differences of Kazakh and English politeness. This task was very difficult for English people as most of them have never communicated with Kazakh. However, only 5 out of 34 English respondents had a chance of communicating with the Kazakh, due to the fact that 3 of them are international students, and fulfilled the task as they were my friends and 2 of them even visited Kazakhstan once. As the result of their response the following is stated: hospitality, kindness, culture, traditions, conservatism and modesty.
Majority of Kazakh students were of the same opinion towards the English people. Although, most of them had no opportunity to communicate with them face to face, they could observe English cultural peculiarities from different sources of Internet such as films, videos, characters of the books and so on. The main helpers in identification of English specification were students of the third course as there are students who have been to the USA and had the chance of communicating with the English people. According to them and other respondents, the main characteristics of English are: gallantry, sense of tact, etiquette, friendliness, upbringing, punctuality and stiffness.
When Kazakh respondents gave definitions of Kazakh politeness, majority had the same view considering that, first of all, it is in the hospitality and thereafter, politeness towards elders and teachers.
English respondents presented more situational examples like saying polite phrases concerning different cases. Smiling is an essential part of their politeness and obeying etiquette rules show their polite behavior as they stated.
CONCLUSION
Summarizing all questionnaires, it has become clear that Kazakh politeness includes hospitality, good manners, respect, and courtesy, which is mainly acquired towards relatives and elders. Comparatively, English politeness means social etiquette, also good manners, smile and consideration for other people, which is frequently addressed to the strangers. This associative research on the politeness phenomenon in both languages was very useful for us in identifying the
main differences and similarities of cultural attitude toward the phenomenon “politeness”.
Especially, the Kazakh students who study English language should know such cultural discrepancies between Mother tongue and foreign language. Moreover, further investigation in this field might help in the implementation research results in the process of Foreign Language Teaching taking into account all cultural phenomena in the formation of intercultural competence.
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11 Қазақша баталар жинағы, https://www.zharar.com/kz/bata/15.03.2017
M.Е. Кәкiмова , И.А. Олькова2
«Сыпайылылық» феноменің лингвистикалық категория ретінде
1,2М.Қозыбаев атындағы Қазақстан мемлекетті университеті, Петропавл қ. Қазақстан
Бұл мақалада «сыпайылық» ұғымына лингвистикалық тұрғыдан әртүрлі тәсілдер қарастырылады. Осы феноменің функционалдық, прагматикалық, тілдік ерекшеліктері сипатталады. Ағылшын және қазақ тілдеріндегі «сыпайылылық» ұғымын зерделеудегі олардың мәдени ұқсастықтары мен айырмашылықтарын зерделеудегі кейбір стратегиялар талданды. Қазақ және ағылшын тілдерінде «сыпайылылық» ұғыммын қабылдауға қатысты ассоциативтік эксперимент жүргізілді. Салыстырмаулы талдау қазақ тіліндегі «сыпайылылық» ұғымында қонақжайлық, жақсы мәнерлер, құрмет, үлкендерге сыпайы қарым-қатынас басым екенін көрсетті. Ағылшын тілінде «сыпайылылық» ең алдымен әлеуметтік этикет — жағымды қарым-қатынас, басқа адамдарға құрмет білдіру. Зерттеу лингвистикалық тұрғыдан қарастырылатын феномені – бұл сөйлеу этикеті,
сыпайылылықтың негізгі стратегияларын білу әртүрлі коммуникативтік сәтсіздіктер мен жағымсыз жағдайларды болдырмауға мүмкіндік беретінін көрсетті. Осы ұғымды салыстырмалы аспектіде зерделеу әр түрлі этномәдени ерекшеліктерді анықтауға, сондайақ мәдениет аралық құзіреттіліктің қалыптастыруға мүмкіндік береді.
М.Е. Какимова1, И.А. Олькова2
Феномен «вежливость» как лингвистическая категория
хорошие манеры, уважение к другим людям. Исследование показало, что рассматриваемый феномен с лингвистической точки зрения – это речевой этикет, знание основных стратегий вежливости позволит избежать различных коммуникативных неудач и неприятных ситуаций. Изучение данного понятия в сопоставительном аспекте даст возможность выявления различных этнокультурных особенностей, а также формированию межкультурной компетенции.