G.Z.Moldakhmetova1, A.R.Iskakova2, А.Baiyskhan3, D.B.Rakhimova4, M.A.Yermekbayeva5, A.K. Zetulla6
1candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor of the Department of Foreign Languages Faculty of Philology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, email: gulnaramold@mail.ru
2master of pedagogical sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, e-mail: ainurram@mail.ru
3undergraduate of the Kazakh language and literature speciality, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National
University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, e-mail: ai.kz.best@mail.ru
4undergraduate of the Kazakh language and literature speciality, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National
University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, e-mail: rah.dinara@gmail.com
5undergraduate of the Kazakh language and literature speciality, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National
University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, e-mail: maira_08@bk.ru
6undergraduate of the Kazakh language and literature speciality, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, e-mail: botasaa12@gmail.com
LATIN ALPHABET IN KAZAKHSTANI ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT: WHAT IS A PRECISELY PRODUCTIVE TEACHING FRAMEWORK?
The article researches the role of Latin graphics in Kazakhstani academic environment and effective education. We have systematized the historical overview of the graphic symbols used by the Kazakh people and their scientific description in this article. The factors influencing them are organized as well. The advantages and disadvantages of existing projects and activities are determined by studying the Latin script. We proposed suggestions for additional updates and changes to the projects. You can get acquaintance with the analysis as a result of the survey conducted among social networks and academic readers. Digital results have been sorted by analyzes made during the research. Efficient methods of mastering Latin graphics are introduced for the effective development of the academic environment of Kazakhstan. Every year the number of supporters of the transition to Latin graphics is growing according to the convincing evidence.
Keywords: linguistics, graphics, spelling, orthoepy, writing, alphabet.
INRODUCTION
Graphics is aset of marks (letters and punctuation marks) to define the language sounds.
There were several types of scripts used in different periods in Turkic languages, including the Kazakh language. The first one is the Ancient Turkic writing. According to scientists, this script was used in the V-VIII centuries and they remain in tombs and rupestral rocks. Then, the ancient Uighur script similar to the ancient Turkic writing was used.
Due to the introduction of Islam in the IX-X centuries, the Turkic people had used Arabian graphics (exactly the same as they were used by the Arabs without alteration or any changes) for about ten centuries.
Starting from the 20th century the history of writing of all Turkic languages can be divided into the following periods:
1. The period of application of Arabic graphics (harmonized with the sound characteristics of the Turkic people);
2. The period of transition to Latin graphics;
3. Period of transition to Cyrillic graphics.
A. Baitursynov was the scientist who made the “direct spelling” based on the Arabian graphics; he was able to adapt Arabic graphics to the Kazakh sound system. The scientist N. Wali wrote about him as «At the beginning of the twentieth century A. Baitursynov translated the Kazakh writing and drawing to the democratically-oriented (popular) language; stepped to phonographic recording of the Kazakh written phonetic record; formed the basis of national writing. At this critical moment of the Kazakh writing development in ontogenetic period A. Baitursynov was a unique man of the epoch in the depths of the mind searching and with loyal and linguistic thought [1, 13]. This writing served the cultural and spiritual development of the Kazakh people until 1929, under the name of Kazakh writing.
On July 25, 1929, by the decree of the Central Executive Committee of Kazakhstan, the rules of writing of 12 and 18 words were adopted. The scientist Kuderinova, specializing ontogenetic development of the Kazakh writing, wrote, «The first spelling rule of the Kazakh language was adopted in 1929 with the Latin script. It defines the main principles of spelling. Fragmentary words are marked according to the principle of subscription of the Kazakh language verbs. The main orthography in our current spelling has been defined in the Spelling rules of 1929 [2,103].
Such comments were made in the 1940 s, when the new Cyrillic alphabet was based on Russian graphics. It noted that this record has caused great difficulties in issuing the Kazakh language sound system. The scientist T.Kudabaev suggested that «our country has gained independence and our language has the state language, so that it would be possible to rewrite our existing writing based on ancient Turkic or Latin graphics instead of using the existing alphabet on the pages of periodicals» the shortcomings of the Cyrillic writing have been frequently discussed in periodicals [3, 70].
The issue of Latin alphabet was raised and discussed over the last years. The President of Kazakhstan, N.Nazarbayev, suggested the move to the Latin language for the first time in 2006. In the article titled «The Orientation to the Future: The Spiritual Renaissance» in 2017, the President wrote: “there is a deep logic of moving to Latin. It depends on the peculiarities of the modern technological environment, communication, as well as the scientific and educational process of the 21st century. Our children are learning English and Latin alphabet at school. Therefore, there will be no difficulties, no obstacles for the younger generation.»He expressed his confidence that the Latin alphabet would expand the scope of the Kazakh language and set specific targets [4]. Since then, the transition to Latin alphabet has been intense, and various social groups have encouraged the transition to the Latin language of the Kazakh language. The transition to the Latin alphabet is caused by political, economic, cultural, linguistic, socio-economic motivations. They can be classified as follows:
1. Political and economic factor. First, Latin graphic writing for world trade and economic relations is more effective. Secondly, the same languages as those of the common Turkic-origin countries have been written down with various alphabets so far, the writing of the Turkic-speaking states that use the Latin alphabet is not unified. The creation of common alphabets for all will strengthen the historical, spiritual, cultural ties between Turkic states, and lead to mutual integration. Thirdly, in the past centuries, one of the factors that led to unite the Kazakhs’ spread in the four parts of the world due to different historical and political conditions.
2. Language (linguistic) factor. The transition to the Latin alphabet will further expand the scope of the state language. Regarding the purity of language, it is possible to reduce the letters of modern sounds in our language, thus preserving the natural state of the Kazakh language. Other nationalities could also influence the study of the state language.
3. Socio-social factor. If the XXI century is the age of information, today’s computer era can control power in the hands of the world’s information system. The main tool for information is writing. That is, the dominant in the Internet system is Latin graphics.
4. Education policy. Firstly, spellingruleswillbe reduced when teaching the Kazakh language. Secondly, by obliging the Latin script to teach the basics, it is possible to teach the language learners not only in Kazakh, but also in writing. Thirdly, the process of new alphabetic literacy translates the language of the nation-building nation into an elliptical language.
5. Cultural factor. In our archives, many of our heritage are covered by the Latin alphabet. By going through the Latin alphabet, we would be able to explore the priceless pearls and rich heritage [5, 55-56].
The transition to the Latin alphabet is a way to liberate the consciousness of our nation, to integrate with the Turkic and global world, to return to the ancient Kazakh alphabet and to revive our national consciousness. Akhmet Baitursynov’s «people who have spoken in their own languageandwhowritten in theirown language will never lose their identity. The most powerful thing to save or lose thenation is language. Everyone whose language is lost will also be lost [6, 60]. Thus, the replacement of the Kazakh language from Cyrillic to Latin graphics is a bright and refined expression of spiritual revival.
MAIN PART
Though the transition to Latin graphics is already accepted, the Kazakh society has no consensus about this. There is even vivid difference of the social network users’ opinion according to their age. For instance below the investigation shows the difference between users of Facebook equal results 50-50% (16 participants) and Instagram results are 70/30% (43 participants).
a)
Figure1 – the opinion on Latin graphics of the social network users
That is why we interviewed 25-55 years old educated adults to determine their viewpoints in this study. The result is as follows:
Number
Adults 20-25 years old Adults 25-35years old Adults 35-45 years old
Adults 45-55 years old
Figure 2 – the age group of the participants
That is to say, many young people have a strong desire to raise their academic qualifications, according to which 20-25 years old respondents — 24, 25-35 years old -9, 35-45 years old — 10 and 45-55 years old — 7.
Figure 3 – the most popular mass media
As you can see from this diagram, many people in the scientific community often find that in their research, they use the Internet and various sites when searching for different information. It was found out that the sites www.nur.kz , www.massaget.kz , www.baribar.kz , www.kazinform.kz , www.tengrinews.kz are in high demand. That is why the role of such sites in studying Latin script will be unmatched. There are also sites that have been opened for this purpose. They are www.qazlatyn.kz and www.masa.kz/kz . In bothsites, Cyrillic text can be translated directly into Latin script. The peculiarity of the www.qazlatyn.kz site is to provide all the news with Latin graphics. This is an indispensable tool for adult learners to learn the latest news through Latin graphics and practice on their own. There are also various projects on this site that emphasize the «Iles» mobile application for adult education in Latin graphics. The main sections are «Álipbý», «Nusqaý», «Tapsyrmalar», «Diktant».
• «Álipbý» section — the alphabet represented not only by alternatives, but also by sounds.
• «Nusqaý» section — contains the alphabet spelling rules and examples
• “Tapsyrmalar” section — if you have performed at least 40 tasks in this section, which grouped into 50 different tasks, you can go to the next section of the application.
• “Dictation” section- the user learns to record dictation and check literacy, dictation transmitted in audio form. Another peculiarity of this site is the definition of many words for the use of philologists. That is, people can use sozdikqor.kz in the main page as an explanatory dictionary. It would be impressive if all data there translated into Latin graphics in future. One more thing to note is that the use of the site would be profitable if books translated into Latin graphics supplement the bookstore.
Figure 4- frequency of viewing TV channels Based on other questionaries’ results organized by the national channel «Qazaqstan» and the polls carried on in Astana city the most popular was «Astana» channel. These channels are now used to promote Latin graphics. In particular, the names of all programs on the channel «Qazaqstan» are written in Latin graphics. There are also videos that are being shot in Kazakhstan for the preaching of several familial Latin graphics, such as the famed family — the Zhugunusovs. Those who have scientific literacy will make a decision and begin to study the Latin graphics wisely. The outstanding project based on Latin graphics with sand drawing used for advertisement is also popular between spectators.
Picture 1 – Advertisements dedicated to Latin graphics (channel «Qazaqstan»)
There were shots based on Latin graphics in the programs «Qareket», “Tansholpan” and «Shakhmat». Today in many regions of the country, various projects implemented for adult education of Latin alphabet. One of them is widely used program «Qazaq Latyn Keyboard». You can get more information about that by the following link.
Picture 2 – Kazakh keyboard with Latin letters https://kaztrk.kz/video/latyn-aripterimenqazaqsha-pernetaqta-iske-qosyldy-36110 [7]
We can say with certainty that now it is possible to open a special program on high-band channels and increase interest in Latin graphics. This will be accessible to everybody. Because now the videos in special channels of youtube still are not available for some people in rural parts of the country.
Picture 3 – videos to learn Latin graphics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YShOVlkymYY[8]
According to the survey, it is also beneficial to use Latin graphics in all the advertisements. Nowadays the number of spectators of Latin graphics shown in variable message display in the busses is increasing involuntarily. This also effects on people’s getting used and developing competence on Latin graphics.
Picture 4 –Latin graphics message display in busses
Summarizing the results of the survey, the number of supporters of Latin graphics is growing over time and is the most effective way to use the Internet as a key ingredient in mastering Latin graphics. For example, a test site at www.baribar.kz can be used to test people’s literacy by adding a test to their Latin graphics. Unfortunately, as we have already considered, the Internet is not available in all the regions of Kazakhstan, so in this case it is necessary to rely on the Latin graphics programs on TV channels.
Switching to the Latin alphabet, though being easy to accept, is not easy to literate. The ultimate optimistic version is still unsettled. The purposes of moving to the Latin alphabet are:
• spelling (for the development of orthography and orthographic rules for copying the Kazakh alphabet into Latin script).
• methodological (gradually for the introduction of the Latin alphabet teaching methodology and its introduction into the educational system).
• terminals (for systematization of terminological base of the Kazakh language based on Latin graphics).
• expert-technical (for adaptation of Latin graphics to IT-technologies).
It is clear that the National Commission for the translation of the Kazakh language into Latin script will specify the stages of the introduction of the new alphabet and determine the goals and objectives of each stage. The transition to the Latin alphabet is very convenient in solving two major problems:
1. Removing all sounds in our language and preserving the natural features of the Kazakh alphabet
2. The future generation will be able to use the information technologies freely, to reach the world educational space, to be competitive.
One of the first requirements for the transition to a new alphabet is teaching methodology.
The nationwide dictation held in accordance with the «Plan of actions on the gradual transfer of the Kazakh language to Latin graphics until 2025». Starting in 2022, elementary school pupils had to start with Latin alphabet. Textbooks and teaching aids will be translated into Latin until 2024. One of the most effective methods for learning alphabet is the creation of alphabetical spelling dictionaries (including electronic) based on Latin alphabet. Literacy is one of the challenges to moving to the Latin alphabet. Literacy is one of the basic requirements of the language culture of mass media. Literacy is often associated with knowing spelling and punctuation. Correct writing is a requirement for learning spelling rules. In addition to studying Latin graphics, visualization will be effective. This method can be used not only on lessons but also in any of the public places. In the visual method, of course, visual aids and schemes are used. They should not be less than a few hours. This is the most effective way to develop readers’ interest and develop vocabulary resources. The method of interpretation is the method used during learning process. In this method, the reader understands a new word, a new topic or a spelling. This method is reflected in many video clips.
Thus, we find out that the methods of drawing, illustration and interpretation of spelling dictionary are now used as the main methods of studying Latin graphics and define their advantages over other methods.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Latin graphics is one of the key issues in today’s society that still requires comprehensive consideration.
There are still different viewpoints on the transfer to Latin alphabet among Kazakhstani scientists.
Qualified appraiser Position
Positive
Mekemtas Myrzakhmetov
Scientist He agrees with the President’s decision because the future generation should be able to learn foreign languages.
Marat Tokashbayev, editor Though Latin Alphabet will not solve all problems but will give a chance to escape from influence of Russia
Negative
Azimbai Gali sociologist,
historian The transfer to Latin alphabet will prolong the process of establishing the Kazakh language as the first and state language in Kazakhstan
Omirzak Akzhigit, journalist The Kazakh language writing of nowadays has kept the historical heritage as the only one among the Turkic languages. The Kazakh alphabet is our Pride!
Table 1 — opinion of scientists [9]
There is statistic data of social studies done in 2016 on accepting the transfer by the public. According to the data in 2016 73.1% of people were against the transfer, but in a year time those who are against made 29.3%; in 2016 16.8% of people accepted and in 2017 the number changed into 52.2%. Thus, in 2018-2019 the number of people accepting Latin alphabet has increased.
Right now, the work on Latin graphics has been getting good results. We propose to create an electronic spelling dictionary to accelerate this process. In the age of modern technology, the use of such a project will be more effective. This will also increase the literacy of the population. In addition, the use of illustrative and interpretative techniques is a key to achieving good results.
REFERENCES
1 Wali N. Graphics. Spelling. Orthoepy. – Almaty, 2018. – 235 p.
2 Kuderinova K. Ontogenesis of Kazakh writing prepared diss. autoabstract to obtain the degree of Ph.D. by specialty 10.02.02 – the Kazakh language – Almaty, 2006. – 53 p.
3 Kordabayev T. Formation and development of the Kazakh language. – Almaty, 1995. – 174 p.
4 Nazarbayev N. Orientation for the future: spiritual revival. – Astana: Egemen Kazakhstan,
2017. – № 70 (29051). 1-3 p
5 New national alphabet: Modernization of the Kazakh writing (materials in the media) – 1.
Almaty, (2017) – 544 p.
6 Language heritage of «Alash»: Collection of articles. – Almaty, 2009 – 364 p.
7 Keyboard in Kazakh with Latin letters is implemented. – URL:
https://kaztrk.kz/video/latyn-aripterimen-qazaqsha-pernetaqta-iske-qosyldy-36110
8 Kazakh Latin alphabet. – URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YShOVlkymYY
9 New national alphabet: renaissance of Kazakh writing (scientific linguistic research). –
URL: http://kazneb.kz/bookView/view/?brId=1566732&simple=true&lang=kk
Г.З.Молдахметова1, А.Р.Искакова2, А. Байысхан3, Д.Б. Рахимова4, М.А.Ермекбаева5,
А.Қ. Зетулла6
Қазақстанның академиялық ортасындағы латын әліпбиі: оқытудың тиімді құрылымы қандай?
1,2,3,4,5,6Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университеті, Нұр-Сұлтан қ., Қазақстан
Мақалада Қазақстан ғылым академиясындағы латын графикасының орны, нәтижелі білім беру туралы сөз болады. Қазақ халқының қолданған графикалық таңбаларына тарихи шолу жасалып, олардың ғылыми сипаттамасы жүйеленеді. Оларға әсер етуші факторлар жүйеленеді. Латын графикасын үйренуге байланысты қалыптасқан жобалар мен ісшаралардың артықшылығы мен кемшілігі анықталады. Осы жобаларға қосымша жаңартулар, өзгертулер енгізу керектігі жайлы ұсыныстар беріледі. Әлеуметтік желілерде және ғылыми дәрежелі оқырмандар арасында жүргізілген сауалнама нәтижесінде белгілі болған талдаулар сараланады. Анализ жасау арқылы сандық нәтижелер сұрыпталады. Латын графикасын меңгерудегі тиімді әдіс-тәсілдер аталып, бұл графиканың Қазақстан ғылым академиясына әкелер пайдасы сөз болады. Жыл сайын латын графикасына өтуді қолдаушылар қатарының артып келе жатқанына нақты дәлелдер келтіріледі.
Г.З.Молдахметова1, А.Р.Искакова2, А. Байысхан3, Д.Б. Рахимова4, М.А.Ермекбаева5,
А.Қ. Зетулла6
Латинский алфавит в академической среде Казахстана: какова именно продуктивная структура преподавания?
1,2,3,4,5,6Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.Н. Гумилева, г. Нур-Султан, Казахстан
В статье рассматривается роль латинской графики в Академии наук Казахстана и эффективное образование. Исторический обзор графических символов, используемых казахским народом, их научное описание систематизированы в данной статье. Факторы, влияющие на них, систематизированы. Преимущества и недостатки существующих проектов и мероприятий определяются изучением латинской графики. Предоставлены предложения для дополнительных обновлений и изменений в этих проектах. Предоставлен анализ в результате опроса, проведенного среди пользователей социальных сетей и академических читателей. Путем анализа отсортированы цифровые результаты. Упоминаются эффективные методы освоения латинской графики, что полезно для эффективного развития Академии наук Казахстана. Приводятся убедительные доказательства того, что с каждым годом число сторонников перехода на латинскую графику растет.