A.I. Malikova master of pedagogical sciences, senior teacher, Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau State University, Kokshetau, Republic of Kazakhstan, е-mail: anna_kostik@mail.ru
FUNCTIONING OF FORMULAS OF ADDRESSING AND GREETING: ETHNOCULTURAL ASPECT
This article is devoted to the study of speech etiquette, in particular, the formulas of addressing and greeting in the ethnocultural aspect, in contact with the general problems of linguistic pragmatics in the context of the study of the concepts of “ethnos” and “culture”. The study of research literature and our own observations show the content of stable etiquette formulas of addressing and greeting was directly influenced by certain events and life and everyday life features of the Kazakh and Russian peoples: the family-tribal lifestyle and life of nomads for the Kazakh people, the need for communication for the Russian people. Each ethnic group is characterized by distinctive elements of speech formulas of addressing and greeting. National traditions, lifestyle, historical conditions of life of each people occupy an important place in the formation of speech culture. That is why the formulas of addressing and greeting are an essential component of national culture.
Key words: ethnos, culture, linguistic culture, speech etiquette, formulas of addressing and greeting.
INTRODUCTION
The study of man and his communication with the outside world, fixed in consciousness in the form of concepts, images, behavioral acts, is an urgent task of linguistics. The study of the functioning of etiquette formulas of addressing and greeting in the multicultural environment of Kazakhstan involves a comprehensive analysis of factual material based on the achievements of anthropocentrically oriented disciplines, which corresponds to modern ideas about the study of the subject of knowledge is a person who knows the world and himself in the world, about the study of significant phenomena: linguistic consciousness, national character, ethnocultural values and stereotypes, spiritual and practical human activities [1, 12].
The word “ethnos” in different scientific schools and at different times was understood differently: L. Morgan used it to denote an early stage in the history of mankind, A. Bastian – а historical and cultural provinces, Zh. Lyapuzh – a separate cultural unit, Zh. Deniker – an ethnic group, M. Mogilyansky – an object of ethnographic research. The content and characteristics of the ethnos were explained in different ways: as a certain state and a specific way of life (L. Morgan); as a community that unites on the basis of single norms, laws, language and culture (P. Topiner); as a culturally specific image of the people (A. Bastian) [2].
It is possible to propose the following definition of ethnos: a historically established stable set of people united by common objective or subjective attributes, which include origin, a single language, specific characteristics of culture, a common territory, historical memory, characteristic features of the psyche, self-identity and self-name.
Translated from Latin, the word «culture» (lat. cultura) means processing, cultivation, education, veneration. In the early period, it was used in the meaning of cultivation, cultivation of something and related to natural processes. Over time, these ideas began to spread to human society with a gradual expansion of the former meaning.
Ethnicity is, first of all, and mainly the culture of the ethnos, it is precisely with it that the “borders” of the ethnos are determined, and each of them differs from the others [3]. Ethnic culture is a value is selected and organized life and professional experience of an ethnic group. The border outlining the content of ethnoculture is the contours of its original semiotic system (language, symbolic system); the content is positive social experience accumulated in the forms of values, norms, traditions and patterns, customs, beliefs and knowledge [4].
The ethics of verbal communication begins with observing the conditions for successful verbal communication: with a benevolent attitude towards the addressee, demonstrating interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” (T.A. Van (Dijk) is mood on the interlocutor’s world, sincere expression of his opinion, sympathetic attention. This requires expressing your thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory remarks, but also paralinguistic means is facial expressions, a smile, a look, gestures, a pose. A special role in conducting a conversation belongs to the gaze. Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral standards, national and cultural traditions [5, 33].
Communication between representatives of different nationalities is a rather complicated and controversial process, the versatility of this process is due, first of all, to the belonging of communicants to various linguistic cultures. In communication of communicants, the partner’s assessment is based on those characteristics that are characteristic of carriers of a kindred culture, the lack of coincidence of individual characteristics with the self-esteem of partners often leads to communicative conflicts.
Ethnicity is both an object of both interpersonal and intercultural communication. At the same time, speech communication is a vital necessity for the functioning and interaction of any ethnic community. It is language that is one of the unique ethnic symbols that acts as a tool of interaction. One of the most significant and universal ethnic symbols is language. It should be borne in mind that it is language communication that is the basic marker when defining «own-alien.» Language takes a priority role in the formation of national identity in general, and the national idea in particular. National characteristics, like the national idea, should not be a centrifugal force that can lead to regression in society, therefore, national specificity must be taken into account in the state’s domestic and foreign policy, paying attention her priority attention. Ignoring national characteristics leads to a communicative conflict in the political, entrepreneurial, commercial and other fields of activity [6, 301].
MAIN PART
Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas of appeal and greeting and are expressed in utterances by a whole ensemble of multilevel word forms. The main ethical principle of verbal communication is the observance of parity is expressed throughout the conversation, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell. In order for communication to be successful, it is necessary to carefully study the features of speech etiquette, in particular, address and greeting formulas, know the nuances of communication using non-verbal means, correctly assess the role characteristics of a communicant and evaluate the roles of communicants and act taking into account the characteristics of their role behavior rules of communicative roles of the speaker or listener.
Greetings and address set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, their degree of closeness, you-communication or you-communication is selected. An important role is also played by the communication situation. The call performs a contactsetting function, it is a means of intimization, therefore, throughout the speech situation, the call should be made repeatedly: this indicates good feelings for the interlocutor and attention to his words [6, 308].
The people of Kazakhstan are many nationalities. The study of etiquette formulas for addressing and greeting in the Kazakh and Russian languages in our country is of practical importance in terms of studying speech etiquette as a fact of objectivization of national mentality, as a specific language code that reflects the specifics of national linguistic identity and intercultural communication.
The main goal of strengthening intercultural communication is the formation of a person who is capable of active life and a multicultural environment, has a developed sense of understanding and respect for other cultures, is able to live in peace and harmony with people of different nationalities, races, beliefs [7, 42].
The Kazakh community is characterized by a respectful, respectful attitude towards elders. Children from an early age are taught not to argue, to give way, to be helpful in relation to parents and strangers of advanced age. Such an attitude could not be reflected in the language: for example, the greeting formula for Сәлеметсiңбе! (Hello!), used in relation to younger or relatives, has the following options: Сәлеметсiңдерме! (in relation to several representatives of the same age group), Сәлеметсiзбе! (in relation to older people) and Сәлеметсiздерме! (in relation to several representatives of an older age). The last two greetings are often accompanied by a slight tilt of the head or a bow and hand on the chest. These gestures emphasize a respectful attitude towards the recipients of the greeting.
The choice of the greeting formula also depends on whether or not the participants in the communicative situation are familiar. If they are unfamiliar, then the choice of greeting depends mainly on the age of the recipient: a relative or senior is greeted with a greeting from Ассалаумағалейкум! (to the man), or Сәлеметсiзбе! and (to the youngest), or Сәлеметсiңбе! or Сәлем!. If the participants in the communicative situation are familiar, then it all depends on the degree of acquaintance: friends often greet each other with the words Сәлем!, Сәлеметсiңбе!, Сәлеметсiңдерме! also welcome relatives and friends who are close in age that correspond to the Russian word Hello.
In the Kazakh language, there are also greeting formulas Қайырлы таң (Good morning), Қайырлы күн (Good afternoon) and Кеш жарық, Қайырлыкеш (Вечер светлый, Добрый вечер). They emphasizes a respectful attitude to the addressee, such greetings can be heard among colleagues, so the boss and the subordinate can say hello, and the subordinate will answer the same.
The given examples confirm the connection between the history and culture of the Kazakh people and linguistic forms, which were formed as a result of the long historical development of the Kazakh linguistic and cultural community.
In the Russian language the generally accepted neutral greeting formula is Hello, which previously meant Be healthy, I wish Health (from the word health, root -health-, later health). From time immemorial in Russia it was customary to inquire about the health of the interlocutor, to come with wishes of health. This was a sign of goodheartedness, a benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor and a kind of pledge of emotional welcome on the part of the owners. Greetings Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening are not so common in modern Russian linguistic culture. Initially, they were also a wish for good, but over time this value was practically lost, and today it is preserved, perhaps, only in the communication of older people in formulas like Good day to you, Good Day. The main purpose of these combinations is a greeting used by representatives of an older age category among themselves, sometimes within the family Good morning, at work among colleagues. This greeting is not typical for an official appeal to the public, in which case Hello takes its place.
The next Russian greeting holding a strong position in the language is Hello. This is an unofficial greeting, often used in various communication situations: between peers, with family, between colleagues, friends, i.e. this greeting is typical for communicants connected by equal, friendly relations.
The Kazakh people’s addressing formulas have their own specific features and distinctive features related to the way of life and everyday life. In family and everyday communication, referring to elders, younger ones use a vocal form of kinship terms, for example: aта (grandfather), aпa (sister), әжe (grandmother, grandmother), әкe (father), aғa (older brother, uncle), женге (aunt, daughter-in-law).
Parents, relatives or seniors in family and household communication address children and also more young people, using words: айым (my moon), күнім (my sun), жұлдызым (my star), шолпаным (my Venus), жаным (dear), қарғам (young daw), балапаным (chickabiddy), көгершінім (pigeon), қозым (lamb), боташым (colt), торпағым (calf), etc. As can be seen from the above-mentioned word-addressing, a feature of Kazakh appeals is the wide distribution of words related to the names of baby animals and birds.
In Russian, the form of addressing associated with family relations implies the mention of the family status of father, mother, grandmother, grandfather, uncle, aunt.
The addressing related to the degree of friendship implies a simplification or stylized mutation of the names Mikhail, Misha, Mikhon, Natalia, Natasha, Natusya, Tusya, etc., the formation of derivatives on behalf of, surname or patronymic Pavlovich, Palych, Aleksandrovich, Sanych, etc. There are also, as a rule, on the basis of friendly relations humorous options, in them the formation is made on behalf of Arthur, Arturishche, Stepanovich, Stepan. On behalf of older people call each other by name and patronymic Nikolai Petrovich, etc. In fatal communication, in the speech of loved ones, in conversations with children, addressing is often accompanied or replaced by periphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Anechka, you are my bunny; darling, kitty, swallow, etc. National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing to strangers. They are appropriate to addressing to a young man or girl only if it is age appropriate.
You can apply by profession or occupation, for example, to a doctor – a doctor, a nurse – a sister, and for a scientific rank – a professor. Recently, often in a relaxed colloquial speech, when referring to an unknown woman, the word lady is used, but when referring to a man, the word mister is used only in an official, semi-official, club atmosphere.
CONCLUSION
A diverse set of language means makes it possible to choose a form of communication that is appropriate for the speech situation and favorable for the person you are talking to, establish a friendly, laid-back or, conversely, official tone of conversation. Formulas of speech etiquette are part of the national culture, requiring a certain form of behavior, a certain set of signs and values, which are used when interacting with different people. The speech communication is one of the means of expressing discourse, determined by the event context, psychological, social, national characteristics of the participants in communication. The discourse is inseparable from real life, in it, as in a mirror, reflects the experience of communication of the people. The customs and traditions of the people, which are transmitted from generation to generation in the form of various norms of behavior and represent a productive interaction with representatives of foreign cultures, play a large role in such communication.
Thus, the study of linguistic representations of etiquette formulas of addressing and greeting in the linguistic and cultural aspect in Kazakhstan is determined by the appeal to lively speech of Kazakhstanis, native speakers of the Kazakh and Russian languages. In addition, the study of the functioning of etiquette formulas of addressing and greeting in the multicultural environment of Kazakhstan is confirmed by the use of an integrated approach based on the polyparadigmality of modern linguistics, the possibility of using the results of the study in work to strengthen intercultural communication.
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А.И. Маликова
Қарым-қатынас және сәлемдесу формулаларының жұмыс істеуінің этномәдени аспектісі
Ш. Уәлиханов атындағы Көкшетау мемлекеттік университеті,
Көкшетау қ., Қазақстан
Бұл мақала «этнос» және «мәдениет» ұғымдарын зерттеу арнасындағы лингвистикалық прагматиканың жалпы проблематикасымен ұштасатын этномәдени аспектідегі қарым-қатынас пен сәлемдесу формуласын зерттеуге арналған. Зерттеу әдебиетін зерттеу және өзінің жеке бақылаулары бойынша қазақ және орыс халықтарының өмірі мен тұрмысының белгілі бір оқиғалары мен ерекшеліктері: қазақ халқы үшін көшпенділердің өмірі мен тұрмысының отбасылық-рулық құрылымы, орыс халқы үшін қарым-қатынас қажеттілігі сияқты үндеулер мен сәлемдесулердің тұрақты этикеттік формулаларының мазмұнына тікелей әсер еткенін көрсетеді. Әрбір этнос үшін қарымқатынас пен сәлемдесу тілдік формулаларының өзіндік элементтері тән. Ұлттық дәстүрлер, өмір салтының ерекшеліктері, әрбір халықтың тұрмысының тарихи жағдайлары сөйлеу мәдениетін қалыптастыруда маңызды орын алады және ұлттық мәдениеттің маңызды құрамдас бөлігі болып табылады.
А.И. Маликова
Функционирование формул обращения и приветствия: этнокультурный аспект
Кокшетауский государственный университет им. Ш. Уалиханова
г. Кокшетау, Казахстан
Данная статья посвящена изучению речевого этикета, в частности, формул обращения и приветствия в этнокультурном аспекте, соприкасающимся с общей проблематикой лингвистической прагматики в русле исследований понятий «этнос» и «культура». Изучение исследовательской литературы и собственные наблюдения показывают, что на содержание устойчивых этикетных формул обращения и приветствия оказали непосредственное влияние определенные события и особенности жизни и быта казахского и русского народов: семейно-родовой уклад жизни и быт кочевников для казахского народа, потребность в общении для русского народа. Для каждого этноса характерны самобытные элементы речевых формул обращения и приветствия. Национальные традиции, особенности образа жизни, исторические условия быта каждого народа занимают важное место в формировании речевой культуры и являются важнейшей составляющей частью национальной культуры.