Andaniyozova Dilrabo *
The main presentation of the esthetic funсtion of a language is a literary text. Indeed, literary text is multilayer occurrence reflecting invaluable and lief of a language.
Knowledge of a language in a particular degree only is not adequate to fully apprehend and comprehend layers of compli-cated structure within the literary text as “understanding of main idea-idea-contents described in the literary text is not a simple job, hence it turns to be complicated and tough creative process. Proper comprehension of a literary text concept being presented by fully specific, occasionally precise, occasionally hidden allusions, un-der-meaning can be achieved by moral-cultural, mental-affectional and lingual-esthetic activities” [Yuldashev, Lingvo-poetic analysis of literary text. Dissertation for Doctorate of Liberal Arts. Тashkent, 2009: 4].
A sphere, which studies esthetic features of proper names, i.e., onomastic units, is called as onomapoetics in linguistics (poetic on-omatology).
Onomapoetics is a separate science — benefit of inter-scientif-ic integration. Due to tadbiq of science of ancient poetics impacts, quality and coverage of the researches in this regards had been ex-panded noticeably. Works had been made in such a perfect manner so that thoughts, raised in early XX century, had been diverted into origination of a special, fully independent type of poetics — linguistic poetics either if to note shortly and in already established shape — lingual poetics.
Nowadays, an independent sphere of text linguistics called as “lingual poetics” in Uzbek linguistics is being developed intensi-vely. Perfection of lingual poetic approach provide opportunities for reiterated observation of language units, constituting literary text as any of language unit turns to be an invaluable means for the author at his esthetic purposes in the literary text whereas do implement various lingual combinations, generally peculiar poetic regularities in accordance with author’s aim. Such case is occasionally present-ed in explicit and sometimes concealed manner in the essence of the text. This is why it is vital to comprehensively imagine poetic opportunities of any language units being involved into the literary text, particularly, onomastic units.
Hero’s name in literary text in majority of cases signalizes hero’s character, rather his destiny. V.V.Vinogradov, Academician lately noted that “One should not limit by providing few of the ex-amples to the issue of selection of personage’s name, surname and nickname, peculiar genre and style presentation, character’s func-tion and etc. This is considered to be a large and complicated topic of the literary stylistics” [Vinogradov V.V. Stylistics. Theory of po-etic speech. Poetics. М., 1963. — p. 38].
We should note that an issue of utilization of onomastic units in literary text, particularly, role and language peculiarities of occasional names in work’s artistism had been comprehensively studied in Russian linguistics and Turkology. There were fruitful researches made in this regard by eminent Russian linguists as А.V.Superanskaya [Superanskaya А.V. General theory of peoper noun. М.:Nauka, 1973]. А.А. Fomin [Fomin А.А. Literal onomas-tics in Russia: Conclusions and perspectives. / Issues of onomastics.
1. Ekaterinburg: Ural University Edition. 2004. — p.108-120.], V.М.Kalinkin [Kalinkin V.М. Theoretical basis of poetical ono-mastics: АДД. Кiev, 2000], N.V.Vinogradova [Vinogradova N. V. Proper noun in literary text. АКD. Тwer, 2002]., N.V.Podolskaya [Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology. 2nd Edition. – М.: Nauka, 1988]; and Tirkish, Tatar, Kazakh linguists as B.Atalay [Atalay В. Türk Büyükleri veya Türk Adları. Istanbul: Devlet Basımevi, 1935], E.Gungurdi, U.Kibar [Güngördü E. Ana Çizgileriyle Türk Kişi Adları Sistemi, Ankara:1992], G.F.Sattarov [Sattarov G.F. Тatar isemleri suzlege. Кazan: Tatartstan Kitab Nashriyati, 1981], R.H.Garrapova [Gapparova G.H. Poetic onomas-tics of Muhammet Magdeev prose: АКD. Kazan State University. Kazan, 2000], А.R.Biktimirova [Biktimirova А. R. Linguistic and onomastic poetics of tatarian national songs. АКD, Kazan State Uni-versity, Kazan, 2003], К.Z.Jappar [Jappar К.Z. Esthetic functions of peroper nouns in prose of O.Suleymanov АКD. Almaty, 2000].
We could evidence that onomastic units, which were objects of researches by the authors mentioned above, notwithstanding at-tachment to a particular style and utilization, were generalized un-der a single denomination “onims” [Fonyakova О. I. Proper noun in imaginative world portrait of an author // Word-utilization and style of writer. 1995. — p. 47–61]. They are colligated into a term “poetonim” [Kalinkin V.М. Poetics of onima. Donetzk, 1999. – p. 98], which happens to be of a separate poetic value in the literary text.
In his article devoted to definition of a term ”poetonim», S.I.Zinin starts his opinion with description of the ways how refer-ence towards proper names had been shaped in philology: “In the traditional analysis of proper names in imaginative literature Prop-er names were clustered under “proper name” and “proper nouns”. It is more concretized when examined as literary text: name of a active personage, name of literary personage, character’s name.
V.А.Nikonov underlines the following classification: “Personage’s name – is a means to create literary image. It can characterize person-age’s social status. It provides local and national coloration towards the work. If a work is on historical subject matter, personage’s name strengthen the historicity of the work (but if names were selected in opposition to the veracity — it can be totally otherwise.)” [Nikonov V. А. Noun and Society. М., 1974. – p. 234]. If paid attention, it is noted that in this context personage’s name is closely related with the society and social circumstances. But its peculiarity as an in-dependent unit within the structure of a literary text has not been clearly designated.
Heroes in literary texts usually have characters peculiar to their names. If to look through the Classics, we can evidence name suiting the nature in almost all the nation’s literature (if to quote Socrates: onomaton orthoteton).
Nickname of one of the famous heroes of “Don Quixote” San-cho was “Pansa” was fully corresponding to this being, which means “belly, paunch”. We can evidence in M.Dostoevskiy’s par-ticular aim in the personal name given to the main personage Ra-dion Raskolnikov in his “Criminal and punishment”. Literary aim related to the idea of the work is evident in character’s name as well as his surname. As known to the reader, hero commits crime with wood-chopper. Surname created from the verb “Raskolot’ – “to chop” and name Radion – appealed from “radium”- “chemical ele-ment” indicates personage’s character and actions.
Moreover, Dostoevskiy’s “The Brothers Karamazov” also in-cludes such personal names as for surname Karamazov. This is com-mented by E.B.Magazanik as following: “Due to banishment and residence in Semipalatinsk (present Astana), Dostoevskiy was well informed on Turkic languages. So that in the surname Karamazov we can evidence term “qara” (black) peculiar to Turkic language and “mazat’” – meaning “to smear, to smudge”, whereas surname Karamazov ( with black aim, black actions) was intentionally creat-ed therefore. As known work embraces images of disgusting family members from mental point of view, where surname Karamazov is well-spent utilized for description of their character” [Magazanik E.B. Onomapoetics either speaking names in literature. –Тashkent: Fan, 1978. – p. 12].
Either if to see P.Marimer’s “Tamango”, where nickname of main hero Martin Baton (bâton – french. scourge), who used to flog his wife and always used along with his name [Provosion of per-sonal names and geographical places in litera translations. // Uzbek Language and Literatire, 1973. – p.71].
Such occurrence is adequately encountered in the Orient Clas-sics and Folklore. For example, if to choose “Qutadgu bilig”, “Kun-tugdi (sunrize) – symbol of justice, Oytuldi (full moon) – symbol of state, Ugdulmish (rational, genuine) for Vezeer (Counsellor) – symbol of wisdom, Uzgurmish (arouse) for Vezeer’s son – symbol of passion, is for Vezeer’s relative” [Karimov Q. Personal names encountered in “Qutadgu biling”. / Uzbek Language and Literatuire, 1967. №2. – p.42].
Personal names such as Majnun, Iso, Yusuf, Farkhod, Dilorom, Parichehra, Paripaykar and etc in Alisher Navoi’s works are worth attention due to implementation of author’s stylistic aim along with being a character describing nominative concept [Please refer: Yokubov Sh. Onomastics of Navoi works. NDA. Tashkent, 1994. – p.8-18].
Navoi’s skills on individualization of personage’s name is con-cluded by Y.Solijonov and S.Muminov as following: “Names of personages in poet’s “Mahbubul-qulub” stories serve for better rev-elation of object’s peculiarity and concretization of characteristics and specification.
Poet scrupulously approaches towards selection of names for his heroes; this is explicitly evident in “Farkhod va Shirin”. Herein they do not serve for presentation of heroes, their goodness or badness, but are presented as for embracing reality to some certain extend, al-luded to the destiny of the personage and generalizing characteristic features of the heroes” [Solijonov Y., Muminov S. Few functions of names in literal work. // Uzbek Language and Literature, 1984, №2. –p. 44-49].
It should be noted that not only anthroponyms, but all the types and modes of proper nouns are to be seriously analyzed fron lingual poetics point of view in regards to their role in the literary texts. As the function of such units in evaluation of a poetic value is essential. Toponyms play a separate role in this context.
According to specialists, “if analysis of toponyms within a lan-guage of a literary text is essential for toponymy of the linguistics, secondly, to settle one of the most actual issues of the linguistics — to clarify an issue of language and style of the literary text chosen by the author” [Qurbonov Т. Research of toponyms in literal works: Issues and challenges. / Issue of the Linguistic analysis and expla-nation of toponyms in imaginative literature. – Samarqand, 2006. – p.11].
We are away of the opinion that every single means executes a poetic function in the literary text. We think that a language unit, which is certainly actuallized beyond its preliminary functions, can be analized as means executing a poetic function. Onomastic units are not away of this. If to look through any of the literal text, we can observe innumerable amount of onomastic units used. Stating that all of them execute a poetic function would contradict scientific logics.
Indeed, onomastic fund within literary text can be analyzed from lingual-statistic point of view. Either can be studied in oth-er aspect, which is natural. But language unit should correspond to certain requirements in order to be examined from poetic point of view. All of these requirements are defined within “lingual poetic concept”. A complicated philological issue — an issue of analysis of onomastic units within lingual poetic concept, which carries a scien-tific-theoretical as well as practical-educational aspect, is considered to be a primordial aim of the topic. In this context it is important to clarify the term “concept”. The present term was widely covered in Uzbek linguistics by linguists as N.Mahmudov [Mahmudov N. Searching for complicated research of a language… // Uzbek Lan-guage and Literature. – Тashkent. -№ 5. – p.3-16], Sh.Safarov [Sa-farov Sh Cognitive linguistics. – Jizzakh: Sangzor, 2006], А.Mam-atov [Mamatov А. What is the aspect in cognitive approach to a language? / Actual issues of Uzbek linguistics (Materials of Sci-entific-practical seminar dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Prof.. А.Nurmonov) – Аndijan, 2012. – p. 2012-220], D.Hudoyberganova [Hudoyberganova D. Same work. – p.11-20] from linguistic and lin-gual-culturologic point of views.
Based on the opinion by the above linguists, in our research we utilize a term “concept” in the meaning of “collection of nation’s historical, social, mental, philosophical world-view and specific concepts and opinions reflected in onomastic units in one or another way”. Cases mentioned above are presented in the literary textx in the field of realization of a language. Collection of particular con-cepts being presented on the basis of nation’s historical, social, men-tal, philosophical world-view, life experience, which are expressed in the literary text are an object of attention of lingvo-poetic re-searches as well. Moreover, the term “concept” also defines a unity and singularity in its associative manner as well. Concept in literary text also reflect a total structure such as “present particular experi-ence” – “writer’s aim” – “writer’s imaginative purpose” – “writer’s skills” – “esthetic definition” – “process of apprehension”. If so, it is expedient if onomastic unit are to be researched within framework of lingvopoetic concept as these onomastic units which are used in the literary text constitute a part of such a concept.
Thus, proper nouns are important lingvo-poetic means serving for illustration of a particular literary aim of an author, besides exe-cuting a nominative function in the literary text. By means of selec-tion of names in the literary texts, would it be a poetic work either a prosaic, one can evidence writer’s skills and culture in utilization of names. Purposefully utilization of popular (precedent) names pe-culiar to a particular nation do serve for increment of literariness of a work. Generally, research of onomapoetics, which learn the very issue, is one of the forthcoming and must-to-do tasks of linguistics, namely Uzbek linguistics.